Effect of hyperglycaemia and diabetes on acute myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury and cardioprotection by ischaemic conditioning protocols

Abstract

response of the diabetic heart to cardioprotective strategies e.g. IPC, IPost and RIC. Finally we highlight the effects of anti-hyperglycaemic agents on susceptibility to acute myocardial IRI and cardioprotection.

Empagliflozin reduces the senescence of cardiac stromal cells and improves cardiac function in a murine model of diabetes

“…Hyperglycaemia has been reported to contribute to tissue injury, particularly in heart disease 19,20 . Several signalling pathways have been analysed and targeted in cardiac fibrosis, senescence and ischaemia, on a dysmetabolic or cardiotoxic basis, including activation of the Stat3‐mediated pathway 21‐23 . In non‐diabetic mice undergoing ischaemia‐reperfusion injury, empagliflozin reduced myocardial infart size through STAT‐3 24 .…”

“…19,20 Several signalling pathways have been analysed and targeted in cardiac fibrosis, senescence and ischaemia, on a dysmetabolic or cardiotoxic basis, including activation of the Stat3-mediated pathway. [21][22][23] In non-diabetic mice F I G U R E 5 Effects of streptozotocin and empagliflozin on cardiac senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in mice. Panels A-C, Senescence β-galactosidase (SA β-Gal) staining (magnification 5× and 40×) and quantitative evaluations (Panel D) in cardiac tissue.…”

Risk factors, co‐morbidities, and co‐medications in cardioprotection: Importance for translation

“…Andreadou et al (2020) summarize the existing data on animal models of hypercholesterolaemia (total, low density, and HDL abnormalities) and hypertriglyceridaemia used in ischaemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection and provide recommendations on animal models of translational value. Penna et al (2020) review the effect of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on cardioprotection. They overview the available animal models of diabetes and hyperglycaemia investigating acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection.…”

“…review the effects of age and sex on the susceptibility and outcome of ischaemic heart disease Andreadou et al (2020). summarize the existing data on animal models of hypercholesterolaemia (total, low density, and HDL abnormalities) and hypertriglyceridaemia used in ischaemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection and provide recommendations on animal models of translational value Penna et al (2020). review the effect of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on cardioprotection.…”

Does acute treatment of dapagliflozin reduce cardiac infarct size through direct cardiac effects or reductions in blood glucose levels?

“…It is known that α 2 -adrenergic agonists such as xylazine or medetomidine acutely raise blood glucose to hyperglycemic values [ 3 , 4 ] in non-fasted animals, through inhibition of insulin release from pancreatic β cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia is strongly associated with increased infarct size [ 5 ]. We therefore postulate that the intravenously administered dapagliflozin quickly lowered the high blood glucose levels in these animals, thereby explaining the reduction in infarct size by dapagliflozin in this experimental condition.…”