Effect of Irrigation Water Containing Iodine on Plant Physiological Processes and Elemental Concentrations of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivated in Different Soils

Abstract

Iodine uptake and translocation was studied in cabbage and tomato cultivated on different soil types (sand, sandy silt, silt) by applying irrigation water containing iodine at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L. Iodine treatment at the concentrations applied did not significantly influence the photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll concentration of cabbage and tomato leaves. The growth of cabbage leaves cultivated on sand and sandy silt soil with iodine treatment was slightly stimulated, while, on silt soil, it remained unchanged; for tomato plant parts, independent of the soil-type, the dry mass values remained constant. It can be concluded that iodine treatment had no negative effect on the physiological characteristic of cabbage and tomato plants. Applying 0.5 mg/L in the irrigation water, the highest biofortification with iodine was achieved in plants cultivated in sandy soil and the iodine concentration calculated in the dry matter amounted to 10 and 3.6 mg/kg in the leaves and fruits of cabbage and tomato, respectively. Considering the iodine and moisture content of cabbage leaves and tomato fruits, the consumption of 100 g of fresh vegetable would cover about 80% and 15% of the recommended iodine intake, respectively. The presence of iodine resulted in a reduction in Fe and P concentrations in tomato fruits independent of the soil-type; however, the concentration of Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn, and B remained practically unchanged. However, for cabbage, no similar trend for Fe and P was observed.

Iodine and Selenium Biofortification of Chervil Plants Treated with Silicon Nanoparticles

“…Indeed, the statistically significant beneficial effect of Se on chlorophyll and carotene accumulation in chervil leaves was previously recorded at concentrations equal to or higher than 50 mg Se L −1 [27], proving the participation of Se in chlorophyll biosynthesis [39]. The effect of I on photosynthesis is not predictable, as previously reported [40,41].…”

Effect of Se-Enriched Irrigation Water on the Biomass Production and Elemental Composition of Green Bean, Cabbage, Potato and Tomato

“…Mano) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Balatoni rózsa) in an open greenhouse at the Experimental Station of the Center for Agricultural Research in Őrbottyán, Hungary [85][86][87]. A pot experiment was performed using the top 0-20 cm layer of soils from three different locations in Hungary, all having distinct properties: sand (Mollic Umbrisol (Arenic) from Őrbottyán), silty sand (Luvic Calcic Phaeozem from Gödöllő) and silt (Calcic Chernozem from Hatvan) [88].…”

Biofortification of Potato and Carrot With Iodine by Applying Different Soils and Irrigation With Iodine-Containing Water

“…Comparing the concentration of P, Mg, and Fe in tomato, cabbage ( Dobosy et al, 2020b ), carrot, and potato cultivated at the same growing conditions, it can be established that the iodine had a different effect on the accumulation of these elements in their edible parts. Due to the various soil quality and the different uptake and translocation processes of the investigated plants, the concentration of P, Mg, and Fe related to the control plants changed in the following ranges: −58 + 43, −79 + 53, and −73 + 161%, respectively.…”

“…As there is no literature data on the effect of iodine treatment on the photosynthetic efficiency of potato plants, it is worth mentioning that, in our former experiments with the same experimental setup, we found the same results for tomato plants (which belong to the same Solanaceae plant family as potato), too. However, considering the effect of soil, in tomato plants, the physiological parameters were the lowest on silt soil ( Dobosy et al, 2020b ).…”

“…Iodine biofortification of vegetables has been proven to be an alternative and cost-effective way to provide iodine in the human diet. Several strategies in agriculture (e.g., hydroponics, pot, and field experiments) have been developed to increase iodine content in the edible part of plants as demonstrated in lettuce ( Blasco et al, 2008 , 2012 ; Hong et al, 2008 ; Voogt et al, 2010 ; Dobosy et al, 2020a ), spinach ( Dai et al, 2006 ; Weng et al, 2008b ; Smoleń et al, 2016a ), bean ( Dobosy et al, 2020a ), pakchoi ( Hong et al, 2009 ), cabbage ( Weng et al, 2008a ; Mao et al, 2014 ; Ojok et al, 2019 ; Dobosy et al, 2020b ), Chinese cabbage ( Hong et al, 2008 ), tomato ( Hong et al, 2008 ; Caffagni et al, 2011 ; Landini et al, 2011 ; Kiferle et al, 2013 ; Smoleń et al, 2015 ; Halka et al, 2020 ; Dobosy et al, 2020b ), rice ( Kato et al, 2013 ), strawberry ( Li et al, 2016 ), cucumber ( Voogt et al, 2014 ), kohlrabi ( Golob et al, 2020 ), celery ( Hong et al, 2009 ), and radish ( Kato et al, 2013 ; Lawson et al, 2015 ). On the basis of the literature data, the following statements can be summarized: (1) the major species of iodine like organic-iodine compounds, iodate (IO 3 – ), and iodide (I – ) ions in the soil and volatile iodine forms (molecular iodine and methyl iodide) in the atmosphere can be efficiently taken up by the roots and leaves (dominant); (2) due to the relatively large leaf surface in leafy vegetables (spinach, lettuce, cabbage, Chinese cabbage), iodine can be taken up more rapidly and effectively from the atmosphere; (3) iodine moves mainly by xylematic routes; therefore, the iodine concentration of a plant decreases from the root to the fruit, i.e., iodine is stored better in vegetative plant tissues than in fruits; however, the phloematic way has been also reported for some plants, e.g., tomato, lettuce; (4) as compared to iodate, accumulation of iodide by the roots and translocation to the different upper parts (e.g., stem, leaf, fruit) are more efficient; and (5) over a certain iodine concentration (e.g., 1 mg/L in hydroponic solution or 25 mg/kg using fertilizer), toxic effect in plants can be observed, resulting in reduced biomass production.…”