Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Plasma C-reactive Protein Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Simental‐Mendía, Luis E.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Rodrı́guez-Morán, Martha; Zambrano-Galván, Graciela; Guerrero‐Romero, Fernando

doi:10.2174/1381612823666170525153605

Cited by 68 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…The finding that low serum magnesium is associated with several adverse CVD risk factors is supported by randomised control trials. Systematic reviews of magnesium supplementation trials provide evidence as to the benefits of magnesium supplementation in reducing metabolic CVD risk factors including blood pressure and glucose as well as CRP levels [ 39 – 41 ]. Two recent trials have shown magnesium supplementation to improve vascular function [ 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum magnesium and risk of incident heart failure in older men: The British Regional Heart Study

et al. 2018

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To examine the association between serum magnesium and incident heart failure (HF) in older men and investigate potential pathways including cardiac function, inflammation and lung function. Prospective study of 3523 men aged 60–79 years with no prevalent HF or myocardial infarction followed up for a mean period of 15 years, during which 268 incident HF cases were ascertained. Serum magnesium was inversely associated with many CVD risk factors including prevalent atrial fibrillation, lung function (FEV1) and markers of inflammation (IL-6), endothelial dysfunction (vWF) and cardiac dysfunction [NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T (cTnT)]. Serum magnesium was inversely related to risk of incident HF after adjustment for conventional CVD risk factors and incident MI. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for HF in the 5 quintiles of magnesium groups were 1.00, 0.72 (0.50, 1.05), 0.85 (0.59, 1.26), 0.76 (0.52, 1.11) and 0.56 (0.36, 0.86) respectively [p (trend) = 0.04]. Further adjustment for atrial fibrillation, IL-6, vWF and FEV1 attenuated the association but risk remained significantly reduced in the top quintile (≥ 0.87 mmol/l) compared with the lowest quintile [HR 0.62 (0.40, 0.97)]. Adjustment for NT-proBNP and cTnT attenuated the association further [HR 0.70 (0.44, 1.10)]. The benefit of high serum magnesium on HF risk was most evident in men with ECG evidence of ischaemia [HR 0.29 (0.13, 0.68)]. The potential beneficial effect of high serum magnesium was partially explained by its favourable association with CVD risk factors. Further studies are needed to investigate whether serum magnesium supplementation in older adults may protect from the development of HF.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum magnesium and risk of incident heart failure in older men: The British Regional Heart Study

et al. 2018

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“… 39 A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials support the suggestion that magnesium supplementation will affect markers of inflammatory stress only when they are elevated. 40 In the overall meta-analysis, magnesium treatment did not significantly affect CRP. However, when the analysis was stratified to compare subgroups of studies in populations with baseline plasma/serum CRP concentrations of ≤3 mg/L and >3 mg/L, magnesium treatment significantly decreased CRP in the latter group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…However, when the analysis was stratified to compare subgroups of studies in populations with baseline plasma/serum CRP concentrations of ≤3 mg/L and >3 mg/L, magnesium treatment significantly decreased CRP in the latter group. 40 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium deficiency and increased inflammation: current perspectives

Nielsen

2018

JIR

213

125

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Animal studies have shown that magnesium deficiency induces an inflammatory response that results in leukocyte and macrophage activation, release of inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins, and excessive production of free radicals. Animal and in vitro studies indicate that the primary mechanism through which magnesium deficiency has this effect is through increasing cellular Ca2+, which is the signal that results in the priming of cells to give the inflammatory response. Primary pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1; the messenger cytokine IL-6; cytokine responders E-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; and acute-phase reactants C-reactive protein and fibrinogen have been determined to associate magnesium deficiency with chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammatory stress). When magnesium dietary intake, supplementation, and/or serum concentration suggest/s the presence of magnesium deficiency, it often is associated with low-grade inflammation and/or with pathological conditions for which inflammatory stress is considered a risk factor. When magnesium intake, supplementation, and/or serum concentration suggest/s an adequate status, magnesium generally has not been found to significantly affect markers of chronic low-grade inflammation or chronic disease. The consistency of these findings can be modified by other nutritional and metabolic factors that affect inflammatory and oxidative stress. In spite of this, findings to date provide convincing evidence that magnesium deficiency is a significant contributor to chronic low-grade inflammation that is a risk factor for a variety of pathological conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Because magnesium deficiency commonly occurs in countries where foods rich in magnesium are not consumed in recommended amounts, magnesium should be considered an element of significant nutritional concern for health and well-being in these countries.

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“…Thus, it is no surprise to find recommendations of increasing the consumption of magnesium to improve health. The scientific evidence backing up that recommendation is based on various randomized clinical trials in which magnesium supplements have been shown to improve several of the parameters analyzed, including plasma lipids, glycemic control, blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory markers and endothelial function [27][28][29][30][31][32][33], among others. However, there are also other intervention studies that have detected no such improvements [34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Variables on Plasma Magnesium Concentrations and Their Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population

et al. 2020

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Several studies have shown that a low magnesium (Mg) intake in the diet is associated with greater cardiovascular risk and greater risk of diabetes. However, the results are not consistent in all populations. To minimize the biases derived from diet measurement, more objective biomarkers of magnesium status have been proposed. Although there is still no ideal biomarker for Mg, several studies have shown that plasma Mg concentrations could be a relatively acceptable biomarker for cardiovascular risk assessment. However, further studies are required to better characterize this marker in different populations. Our aim was to analyze the association between plasma Mg concentrations (measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) methods, and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals from a general Mediterranean population (aged 18–80 years). The influence of demographic and lifestyle variables, including adherence to the Mediterranean diet, on plasma Mg concentrations was analyzed. The mean Mg level of the population studied was 0.77 ± 0.08 mmol/L, the prevalence of hypomagnesemia (<0.70 mmol/L) being 18.6%. We did not find any statistically significant differences between plasma Mg concentrations and sex, age, tobacco smoking and total adherence to the Mediterranean diet (p > 0.05). We found a statistically significant association between plasma Mg concentrations and the prevalence of type-2 diabetes (0.77 ± 0.08 mmol/L in non-diabetics versus 0.73 ± 0.13 mmol/L in diabetics; p = 0.009). Despite the low prevalence of type-2 diabetes in this population (11.24% in subjects with hypomagnesemia versus 3.91%, in normomagnesemia; p = 0.005), hypomagnesemia was associated with greater odds of being diabetic in comparison with normomagnesemia (OR = 3.36; p = 0.016, even after adjustment for sex, age, obesity, and medications). On the other hand, no statistically significant association of plasma Mg concentrations with obesity, hypertension, fasting triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol or uric acid was found. However, in contrast to what was initially expected, a statistically significant association was found between plasma Mg concentrations (basically in the highest quartile) and greater total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results contribute to increasing the evidence gathered by numerous studies on the inverse association between hypomagnesemia and type-2 diabetes, as well as to the observation, previously reported in some studies, of a direct association with hypercholesterolemia. This paradoxical link should be deeply investigated in further studies.

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Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Plasma C-reactive Protein Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

Serum magnesium and risk of incident heart failure in older men: The British Regional Heart Study

Serum magnesium and risk of incident heart failure in older men: The British Regional Heart Study

Magnesium deficiency and increased inflammation: current perspectives

Influence of Demographic and Lifestyle Variables on Plasma Magnesium Concentrations and Their Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population

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