Effect of monatomic and molecular ion irradiation on time resolved photoluminescence decay in GaN

A Review of Friction Stir Processing of Structural Metallic Materials: Process, Properties, and Methods

“…This topic has been extensively studied since the 1980s. Over the past decade, much attention has been given to methods for the formation of subsurface gradient structures in metallic materials, such as plasma spraying [17][18][19][20], cold spraying [21][22][23], laser melting [24][25][26], ion implantation [27][28][29][30][31][32], and others. Unfortunately, the listed methods for the bulk and surface processing of metallic materials have many drawbacks, e.g., agglomeration of additive particles and their nonuniform distribution both in the bulk and on the surface of the alloy, formation of unwanted phases and interfacial reactions due to high processing temperatures, formation of numerous defects in ion implanted surface layers or formation of amorphous layers at high radiation doses, the need for thermal treatment or other additional processing methods, sophisticated processing equipment, low processing efficiency, and so on.…”