Effect of nitrogenous fertilization on the annual variations in nutrients in avocado leaves

Lahav, E.; Bar, Y.; Kalmar, D.

doi:10.1080/00103629009368309

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The results suggested that 'Hass' avocado yields were insensitive to N fertilization rates, time of application, and leaf N concentrations in the range between 1.75% and 2.12%. Langenegger and Koen (1978), Lahav et al (1990), and Lahav (1998) demonstrated similarly that 'Fuerte', 'Ardith' and 'Ettinger' avocado trees responded poorly to different fertilization regimes and that high rates of N fertilization decreased yield of 'Fuerte'. Kalmer and Lahav (1976) and Kotzé (1982) proposed that N fertilization during fruit set would stimulate growth of the vegetative shoot at the apex of indeterminate floral shoots and reduce fruit set and yield as a result of competition for resources.…”

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confidence: 95%

Properly Timed Soil-applied Nitrogen Fertilizer Increases Yield and Fruit Size of `Hass' Avocado

Lovatt¹

2001

jashs

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To protect groundwater from potential nitrate pollution, `Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) growers in California divide the total annual soil-applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer (N at 56 to 168 kg·ha-1) into small applications made during the period from late January to early November. However, no research had been conducted to test the efficacy of this fertilization practice, and there was concern that the amount of N in the individual applications may be too little to meet the demand of the tree at some stages of its phenology. The research presented herein addressed the question of whether yield of `Hass' avocado could be increased by doubling the amount of N currently applied during specific stages of tree phenology. The control in this experiment was the practice of annually applying N as NH4NO3 at 168 kg·ha-1 (168 trees/ha) in six small doses of N at 28 kg·ha-1 in January, February, April, June, July, and November. From these six application times, five were selected on the basis of tree phenology and additional N as NH4NO3 at 28 kg·ha-1 was applied at each time for total annual N of 196 kg·ha-1. Two phenological stages were identified for which N application at 56 kg·ha-1 in a single application (double dose of N) significantly increased the 4-year cumulative yield (kilograms fruit per tree) 30% and 39%, respectively, compared to control trees (P ≤ 0.01). In each case, more than 70% of the net increase in yield was commercially valuable large size fruit (178 to 325 g/fruit). The two phenological stages were when shoot apical buds have four or more secondary axis inflorescence meristems present (mid-November); and during anthesis to early fruit set and initiation of the vegetative shoot flush at the apex of indeterminate floral shoots (about mid-April). When the double dose of N was applied at either of these two stages, the kilograms and number of large size fruit averaged across the 4 years of the study was significantly greater than the control trees (P ≤ 0.01). Averaged across the 4 years of the study, only the November treatment increased yield compared to the control trees (P ≤ 0.05). Application of the double dose of N at flower initiation (January), during early-stage gynoecium development (February), or during June drop had no significant effect on average or cumulative yield or fruit size compared to control trees. Application of the double dose of N in April significantly reduced the severity of alternate bearing (P ≤ 0.05). Yield was not significantly correlated with leaf N concentration. Time and rate of N application are factors that can be optimized to increase yield, fruit size, and annual cropping of `Hass' avocado. When the amounts of N applied were equal (196 kg·ha-1), time of application was the more important factor.

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confidence: 95%

Properly Timed Soil-applied Nitrogen Fertilizer Increases Yield and Fruit Size of `Hass' Avocado

Lovatt¹

2001

jashs

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“…Most studies carried out to identify the optimal dates for leaf sampling in several avocado cultivars suggest plotting leaf nutrient concentrations to visually determine the period of stability for both macro-and micronutrients (Bingham, 1961;Bould, 1966;Embleton et al, 1958;Embleton and Jones, 1966;Koen and du Plessis, 1992;Koo and Young, 1977;Lahav et al, 1990;Oppenheimer et al, 1961;Ulrich, 1976). The mathematical procedure used in the present study was useful to determine the appropriate period to conduct leaf sampling for analyses of most nutrients in 'Hass' avocado in Nayarit and could be useful to test both the procedure and the leaf sampling timing in other avocado producing regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of the Appropriate Leaf Sampling Period for Nutrient Analysis in ‘Hass’ Avocado

Salazar-García

González-Durán

Ibarra-Estrada

2015

horts

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This research was carried out from 2004 to 2005 in two commercial ‘Hass’ avocado orchards cultivated under rainfed conditions in a hot subhumid climate of the state of Nayarit, Mexico. The objectives of this study were to: 1) establish the patterns in nutrient concentrations during the lifespan of winter and summer vegetative flush leaves; and 2) validate a methodology based on mathematical functions to identify the appropriate period for leaf sampling to diagnose plant nutrition in avocado considering its two major vegetative flushes. Leaf samples were taken monthly for each vegetative flush, starting when leaf length was 5 cm or greater and concluding at leaf abscission. Starting at vegetative budbreak, winter and summer leaves lived 12.5 and 7.8 months, respectively. Summer flush leaves grew faster and attained greater length than winter leaves. A mathematical model based on the concentration of macro- and micronutrients through the lifespan of avocado leaves was evaluated. This model was used to determine the period when nutrient concentrations became stable and, consequently, to identify the proper leaf sampling period. For the ‘Hass’ avocado in Nayarit, the period for sampling winter flush leaves corresponded to 6.6- to 7.9-month-old leaves (4 Sept. to 13 Oct.). For summer leaves the optimum period was shorter and occurred when leaves were 3.9 to 4.9 months old (5 Dec. to 5 Jan.). The procedure and sampling time obtained here should be tested in other regions.

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“…Salazar-García et al (2015) mentioned that variations in Ca concentrations in leaves of vegetative shoots are very similar, and these also increase with age. Lahav et al (1990) found that Ca in leaves of the previous years was higher than those of summer leaves. Nevertheless, the Ca levels in the latter did not exceed 1.6 %, while in spring it was higher than 1.8 %, therefore, it is possible to distinguish between spring and summer leaves, because of the leaves Ca oncentration.…”

Section: Calcium Nutritional Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Silber et al (2018) mentioned thattotal N in 'Hass' fruits increase from the beginning of inflorescence until fruit set, and then decrease during fruit development (Salazar-García et al, 2015). After fruit set, in new fruit development, Lovatt (1995) and Salvo (2017) declared that the highest N demands occur due to the competition between fruit and new shoot formation; however, if there are reserves in the soil and small branches, fertilization is not required (Lahav et al, 1990;Rosecrance et al, 2003). Undoubtedly the mineralization of organic nitrogen, requires favorable conditions such as adequate moisture and soil temperature (Cassity et al, 2020;Cassity et al, 2018), neutral or alkaline pH and additions of dairy digestato (Wagoner et al, 2021), and amount of ammonium, season and management (Giguere N is related to vegetative processes and contributes to delaying fruit ripeninReducing N application would favor the contribution of K (Mengel & Kirkby, 2000).…”

Section: Nutritional Dynamics Of Total Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macronutrient dynamics in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) ‘Hass’ under the central peruvian coast conditions

Tomassini-Vidal

Pino-Huasacca²

2022

PJA

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The international growing demand of the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) market, together with the expansion of its agricultural area, requires the increasing of its technification, which makes necessary to have information aboutnutrient absorption in relation to its phenology. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a commercial avocado production field of the farm “Don Ricardo” located on the central coast of Peru, in order to characterize the dynamics of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg). The methodology followed and the results obtained will be the main guide to improve and implement more efficient fertilization strategies that will lead to higher yields and lower production costs in this crop. The experiment included 5 production cycles, from 2014-15 to 2018-19, in 7 phenological stages, collecting according to the crop development, leaves, panicles and fruits. 40 randomized plants were selected from a total of 50 plants marked as sampling area. The results were analyzed using a descriptive statistic, with box diagrams of the concentration of each nutrient by phenological stage. Two graphs per element were generated to represent the leaf dynamic and the fruit dynamic, respectively, including the data taken from the flower. It was concluded that the highest nutrient requirements of avocado were during the flowering, the fruit set and in fruits from 10 mm to 30 mm in diameter. The most abundant form of nitrogen was nitric, and it was accumulated mainly in the productive organs. The phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased as the fruit grew, and calcium and magnesium concentrations in leaves were higher than in fruits.

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Effect of nitrogenous fertilization on the annual variations in nutrients in avocado leaves

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Properly Timed Soil-applied Nitrogen Fertilizer Increases Yield and Fruit Size of `Hass' Avocado

Properly Timed Soil-applied Nitrogen Fertilizer Increases Yield and Fruit Size of `Hass' Avocado

Identification of the Appropriate Leaf Sampling Period for Nutrient Analysis in ‘Hass’ Avocado

Macronutrient dynamics in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) ‘Hass’ under the central peruvian coast conditions

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