Effect of Self-Efficacy on Turkish Children's Perceptions of the Advantages/Disadvantages of Smoking

Abstract

Objective: This descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted to examine the effect of levels of self-efficacy on children's perceptions of pros and cons of smoking. Methodology: The sample was 233 fifth-grade students. Data were collected in September 2010 using the Socio-Demographic Data Collection Form, Self Efficacy Scale Child Form and Child Decision Balance Scale and analyzed via percentage calculations and t test with the SPSS 11.00 statistical package program. Results: Average age of the students participating in the research was 11.1±0.41, 49.8 % (n: 116) being female and 50.2 % (n:117) male. The difference between the score averages of the pros of smoking perceptions of children with a high self-efficacy level and of those with a low self efficacy level (t=2.117, p=.042) and the difference between the score averages of the cons of smoking perceptions of children with a high self-efficacy level and of those with a low self-efficacy level (t=2.206, p=.035) were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: Children's positive perceptions of smoking were low and negative perceptions high when their self efficacy levels were high. Conversely, children's positive perceptions of smoking were high when their self efficacy levels were low.

Effects of Cigarette Smoking across Three Generations and of Perceptions of the Smoking-Cancer Relationship on the Cigarette Smoking Status of Turkish University Students

“…When the literature is reviewed, few studies focusing on the influence of the cigarette smoking status of grandparents on the cigarette smoking by children and young people are seen, and these studies conclude that smoking by grandparents smoking has no direct influence on cigarette smoking by children and young people (Kalesan et al, 2006;Brook et al, 2012;Vandewater et al, 2014). Again, Studies emphasize that smoking by grandparents influences smoking by parents, that children whose parents smoke cigarette, on the other hand, smoke cigarette more, and that smoking by grandparents has an indirect influence on smoking by children and young people (Ohido et al, 2001;Kalesan et al, 2006;Bektas et al, 2010b;Al-naggaret al, 2011;Golbasi et al, 2011;Ozturk et al, 2011;Azhar and Alsayed, 2012;Brook et al, 2012;Ulgen et al, 2012;Al-Naggar et al, 2013;Jeganathan et al, 2013;Ozturk et al, 2013;Vandewater et al, 2014;). The findings of the current study are consistent with the literature.…”

“…The reason why this regression model explained only 8% of the conditions influencing cigarette smoking was thought to be that, as cigarette smoking could not be associated only with parent or cancer, it might be caused by existence of several factors affecting cigarette smoking such as social-cultural-regional-economic-family factors. In spite of existence of multiple factors the ratio of 8% explained by the model is significantly high (Boyaci et al, 2003;Telli et al, 2004;McCann et al, 2005;Kalesan et al, 2006;Kilic and Ek, 2006;Capik and Ozbicakci, 2007;Picakciefe et al, 2007;Smith, 2007;Tanrikulu et al, 2008;Jayakumary et al, 2010;Bektaset al, 2010b;Al-naggar et al, 2011;Golbasi et al, 2011;Ozturk et al, 2011;Turhan et al, 2011;Azhar and Alsayed, 2012;Brook et al, 2012;Ulgen et al, 2012;Al-Naggaret al, 2013;Jeganathan et al, 2013;Ozturk et al, 2013;Vandewater et al, 2014). This ratio shows us that if these two factors can be controlled, at least 8 out of 100 children who will smoke in the future will be able to get rid of this addiction.…”

“…When the literature is reviewed, smoking by parent is seen to have a very strong influence on smoking by young people. It is emphasized that existence of a smoker parent in family increases smoking ratio of young people by 5 to 50 fold (Boyaci et al, 2003;Telli et al, 2004;McCann et al, 2005;Kalesan et al, 2006;Kilic and Ek, 2006;Capik and Ozbicakci, 2007;Picakciefe et al, 2007;Smith, 2007;Tanrikulu et al, 2008;Jayakumary et al, 2010;Bektaset al, 2010b;Al-naggar et al, 2011;Golbasi et al, 2011;Ozturk et al, 2011;Turhan et al, 2011;Azhar and Alsayed, 2012;Brook et al, 2012;Ulgen et al, 2012;Al-Naggaret al, 2013;Jeganathan et al, 2013;Ozturk et al, 2013;Vandewater et al, 2014). The current study's findings also support the literature, and indicate that as the number of smoker parents increase in the family, cigarette smoking ratio of the children increases (Table 1).…”

“…It was seen that only their perception of smoking-cancer relationship (p=0.0000) and the cigarette smoking status of their parents (p=0.009) had a significant influence on the cigarette smoking status of the students (Table 3). When the literature is reviewed, it is seen that especially cigarette smoking status of parents significantly influences cigarette smoking by students, and that parents' being a role model and stance towards cigarette smoking synergically increase cigarette smoking by children and young people (Boyaci et al, 2003;Telli et al, 2004;McCann et al, 2005;Kalesan et al, 2006;Kilic and Ek, 2006;Capik and Ozbicakci, 2007;Picakciefe et al, 2007;Smith, 2007;Tanrikulu et al, 2008;Jayakumary et al, 2010;Bektaset al, 2010b;Al-naggar et al, 2011;Golbasi et al, 2011;Ozturk et al, 2011;Turhan et al, 2011;Azhar and Alsayed, 2012;Brook et al, 2012;Ulgen et al, 2012;Al-Naggaret al, 2013;Jeganathan et al, 2013;Ozturk et al, 2013;Vandewater et al, 2014). Also, strong perception of students that "smoking may cause cancer" increases perception of disadvantage of smoking and may prove to be an important variable for preventing cigarette smoking due to decreased perception of advantage (Bektas et al, 2010a).…”

“…When the literature is reviewed, it is seen that perceptions of children and young people of cigarette smoking significantly influence their experimentation of cigarette smoking throughout their lives, and that their experimentation of cigarette smoking significantly influences their cigarette smoking status and their smoking addiction status (Boyaci et al, 2003;Telli et al, 2004;McCann et al, 2005;Kalesan et al, 2006;Kilic and Ek, 2006;Capik and Ozbicakci, 2007;Picakciefe et al, 2007;Smith, 2007;Tanrikulu et al, 2008;Jayakumary et al, 2010;Bektaset al, 2010b;Al-naggar et al, 2011;Golbasi et al, 2011;Ozturk et al, 2011;Turhan et al, 2011;Azhar and Alsayed, 2012;Brook et al, 2012;Ulgen et al, 2012;Al-Naggaret al, 2013;Jeganathan et al, 2013;Ozturk et al, 2013;Vandewater et al, 2014). while this result proves to be consistent with the literature, it indicates how important it is in prevention of cigarette smoking to believe that there is a relationship between cancer and smoking is to prevent smoking, and that communicating to the children the relationship of cancer and smoking in parallel with their cognitive development period will decrease experimentation of cigarette smoking by children and young people, thus decrasing their cigarette smoking status and addiction status.…”