“…There are extensive studies which investigated the toxicity of metal particles to ECs (C. M. Chen et al, 2020; Duan et al, 2014; Gholinejad et al, 2019; Gonzalez‐Palomo et al, 2021; Guo et al, 2018; Guo et al, 2016; Khan et al, 2019; Lee et al, 2019; Liang et al, 2020; Liang et al, 2016; X. Liu et al, 2021; Poier et al, 2020; Shi et al, 2014; D. P. Wang et al, 2020; W. Wang et al, 2018; Yan et al, 2020; Zeng et al, 2018). Numerous studies have reported that silica NPs (Si NPs) can induced apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and oxidative stress through multiple signaling pathways, which in turn trigger vascular endothelial cell injury (Duan et al, 2014; Guo et al, 2018; Guo et al, 2016; Lee et al, 2019; X. Liu et al, 2021; D. P. Wang et al, 2020; W. Wang et al, 2018).…”