Effect of the oral administration of astragalus polysaccharides on jejunum mucosal immunity in chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease

Animal Physiology Nutrition

Zhang

et al. 2020

Self Cite

Newcastle disease (ND), a highly contagious viral infection, can be transmitted between various bird species, is characterized as high mortality and morbidity and accounted for a great loss in poultry industries worldwide; therefore, the OIE-World Organization for Animal Health has classified it as a notifiable disease (Kristina et al., 2012). To date, tremendous efforts have been put into the investigation on curative treatments including oral administration, eye drop, course spray, intranasal instillation and muscle injection (Meulemans, 1988); nevertheless, the poor efficacies of these therapies lead to ineffective prevention and ND outbreaks. Increasing studies revealed that early protection is a critical process toward successful control of ND transmission (Sharma & Burmester, 1982). In ovo technology was invented and became available for vaccine delivery about 46 years ago (Ricks, Avakian, Bryan, Gildersleeve, & Williams, 1999). In ovo vaccination was used by many modern large scale poultry units as it excelled in inducing early immunity (Sharma & Burmester, 1982). Now, in ovo vaccination is a common practice used for the protection against Marek's disease and infectious bursal disease in the United States (Giambrone,

supporting

confidence: 52%

“…Shan et al. (2019) confirmed that oral administration of APS could enhance the protective effect of during the early stages of NDV infection. Live ND vaccine injected in ovo could provide earlier immunity and enhanced protection but not safe for in ovo vaccination (Kapczynski, Martin, Haddad, & King, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The immune adjuvant effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on in ovo injection of Newcastle disease vaccine

Xue

Animal Physiology Nutrition

Zhang

et al. 2020

Self Cite

“…Villus height ( VH ) equals to the length from the top of the villus to the villus crypt junction. Crypt depth ( CD ) equals to the depth of the invagination between adjacent villus ( Shan et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of manganese and Bacillus subtilis on the reproductive performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota of breeding geese during laying period

et al. 2020

Poultry Science

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of manganese ( Mn ) and Bacillus subtilis ( BS ) on the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota of breeding geese during laying period. A total of 120 forty-six-week-old breeding geese (Wulong) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatment diets formulated to supply 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg Mn with 5 × 10 9 CFU/kg or 2.5 × 10 9 CFU/kg BS for a 10-wk trial. Results showed that dietary supplementation with 20 and 30 mg/kg Mn could decrease the daily feed intake ( DFI ) of geese. Moreover, 30 mg/kg Mn significantly increased the laying rate. Besides, although Mn addition had no obvious effect on egg quality, 5 × 10 9 CFU/kg BS was found to elevate the hatching egg hatching rate and eggshell thickness. For the serum hormones, 30 mg/kg Mn promoted estradiol secretion, while 5 × 10 9 CFU/kg BS increased the level of follicle-stimulating hormone. Furthermore, 20 and 30 mg/kg Mn and 5 × 10 9 CFU/kg BS significantly enhanced the total antioxidant capacity by increasing the activity of total superoxide dismutases or decreasing the content of malondialdehyde. Dietary supplementation with 5 × 10 9 CFU/kg BS also increased the intestinal villus height and upregulated the abundance of Fusobacteria , Fusobacteriaceae , Fusobacterium , and Faecalibacterium in cecal content. In addition, 20 and 30 mg/kg Mn elevated the levels of Bacteroidetes , Bacteroidaceae , Bacteroides , and Ruminococcaceae but decreased Streptococcaceae . Importantly, an interaction effect was observed between Mn and BS on the DFI, egg mass, average egg size, and the abundance of Bacteroides as well as Faecalibacterium . In conclusion, dietary inclusion of Mn and BS could improve the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, intestinal structure, as well as gut microbiota. Supplementation of 30 mg/kg Mn and 5.0 × 10 9 CFU/kg BS provided the optimal effect.

“…Traditionally, vaccines are mainly delivered by intramuscular injection, but this route generally cannot induce effective mucosal immunity. Mucosal vaccines have some advantages compared with traditionally vaccines, and most infections occur at a mucosal surface or spread from mucosal surfaces [201]. Studies have shown that mucosal administration could provide an early defense against invading pathogens, as the local antibodies of the mucosa work faster than serum antibodies, are higher in level, and have a greater maintenance time [202,203].…”

Section: Applications Of Chitosan Derivative Nanoparticles In Mucosalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine

Meng

et al. 2020

IJMS

649

326

Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.