Effect of thymic hormones on induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in old mice.

Endoh, Masumi; Tabira, Takeshi

doi:10.1620/tjem.161.303

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Subsequent EAE studies added support to the concept of neurological and histological EAE being convincingly related to chronologically associated events. In mice, experiments using BALB/C and SJL/J strains described a significant reduction in disease incidence with increasing age (Endoh & Tabira, 1990; Endoh, Rapoport, & Tabira, 1990). More recently, Peferoen and colleagues demonstrated that aged Biozzi ABH mice immediately developed progressive neurodegenerative disease upon EAE induction immunization (Peferoen et al., 2016).…”

Section: Influence and Impact Of Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Smith

2021

Current Protocols

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Animal models with high translational validity are essential tools in understanding disease pathogenesis and in the development of therapeutic strategies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive neurological deficits and socioeconomic burden. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most extensively utilized animal model of MS, with well‐characterized rodent and non‐human primate variants. The EAE model is typically induced by either active immunization with myelin‐derived proteins or peptides in adjuvant or by passive transfer of activated myelin‐specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. To date, the EAE model has been an essential tool in the development of at least seven U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)−approved immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment of MS, including glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. However, the translational validity of the EAE model is frequently compromised due to poor study design, inconsistent clinical scoring endpoints, and inappropriate statistical calculations. No single animal model accurately reflects the complexity of human MS pathogenesis. Beyond EAE, multiple additional animal models are described, including Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and cuprizone‐induced demyelination, which facilitate the study of pathogen‐induced CNS autoimmunity and remyelination, respectively. This overview summarizes several of the most frequently used animal models of MS and highlights key factors that significantly influence the experimental outcome and affect translational validity. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

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Section: Influence and Impact Of Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Smith

2021

Current Protocols

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“…In this context, in early studies conducted using thymosin fraction V to treat old mice (Endoh and Tabira, 1990) or guinea pigs (Woyciechowska et al, 1985) subjected to the model of MS experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the treatment showed no suppressive effect on incidence and severity of disease. In the first study (Endoh and Tabira, 1990), however, EAE was induced in aged mice, in which susceptibility to disease may be significantly reduced. Indeed, in the same setting, also treatment with another thymic protein, the serum thymic factor, showed no effect, differently from that observed by other groups describing an intensive suppression of EAE symptoms (Nagai et al, 1982).…”

Section: The Use Of Thymosins In Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application

Severa

Zhang

Giacomini

et al. 2019

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

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“…Of note, immuno-histochemical examination showed that the numbers of CD8+, W3/25+, W3/13+ and CD19+ cells in FTS-treated rats were less than in untreated rats and that the number of CD8+ cells in FTS-treated rats was greater than in untreated rats, suggesting that FTS induces CD8+ cells in inflammatory lesions and suppresses inflammation in acute EAE [35]. On the contrary, in a study aimed at restoring decreased Tcell functions and reduced susceptibility to proteolipid apoprotein (PLP) induced-EAE in old mice with thymic hormones, thymosin fraction 5 (TF-5) and FTS had no significant in vitro and in vivo effect on proliferative responses to PLP and concanavalin A (Con A), and on EAE induction in young and old mice [16]. These results suggested that decreased T-cell functions cannot be restored by these thymic hormones, at least in this model of inflammation being invested.…”

Section: Animal Models For Autoimmune Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymulin: An Emerging Anti-Inflammatory Molecule

Haddad¹,

Saadé

Safieh‐Garabedian

2005

CMCAIAA

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Thymulin is a neuroendocrine hormone with immunoregulatory actions. Originally known as 'serum thymic factor' (FTS), thymulin binds to a carrier protein and zinc (Zn2+) to exert its biologic properties. Thymulin, albeit an essential hormone for the T lymphocyte differentiation and the normalization of the ratio of T-helper cells to suppressor cells, accumulating evidence suggests its involvement in inflammations of various etiologies. Recently, thymulin has been shown to have anti-nociceptive effects in hyperalgesia and in pain of neurogenic origin, ostensibly through action on sensory afferents and the release of anti-inflammatory mediators. Given its anti-inflammatory potential, thymulin downregulates the release of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, upregulates anti-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin (IL)-10, and exerts molecular control via the regulation of transcription factors and mediators. Recent evidence tends to indicate that thymulin can be a therapeutic agent in many inflammatory diseases and in pathological conditions affecting the peripheral and/or the central nervous system. This review discusses current concepts in the antiinflammatory actions of thymulin and correlates this activity with an emerging theme for therapeutic treatment.

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Effect of thymic hormones on induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in old mice.

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application

Thymulin: An Emerging Anti-Inflammatory Molecule

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