Effect of ultrasonic activation on the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: Evaluation of penetration depth of photosensitizer and elimination of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms

Efficacy of Combined Use of XP-endo shaper and XP-endo Finisher in Cleaning Simulated Internal Root Resorption Defects: An In-Vitro Comparative Study

“…In the present study regarding the control groups 5 specimens did not receive CGM to ensure that the analysis of cleaned canal did not yield false positive of residual CGM, likewise, 5 specimens received CGM without subsequent removal to assure that CGM was uniformly present in the simulated IRR cavities and that amount initially applied was significantly different from any amounts remaining after cleaning procedure in tested groups (25) In the present study , the complete removal of the colored gelatin material off the walls of the simulated IRR cavities was not obtained in any of the test groups (A,B) this was in accordance with previous studies (10,11,12,15,17 ) Regarding the results of the present study group A (cleaned using PUI) recorded a low Mean percentage of residual CGM at 16. 88% which comes in agreement with previous studies (4,5,6) Whom also found PUI to be an effective method of removing debris and smear layer , bacterial biofilm, intracanal medicaments in either normal canal configuration or simulated IRR cavities This may be due to the irrigation agitation which creates more intense shear forces with in the fluids in root canal which increases the irrigant penetration into the tissues and through the root canal and may explain the efficacy in flushing out CGM from IRR cavities as previously described by Jiang et al (26) . Furthermore the high velocity of the irrigation flow generated by PUI leads to acoustic energy and micro-streaming effect both result in increased flushing and cleaning ability of the irrigant (27) On the other hand concerning Group B (cleaned using XP-endo shaper followed by XP-endo finisher) a low recorded mean percentage of residual material at 12.677% was recorded which was significantly less than that of group A at p> 0.05 ; indicating superior cleaning ability of the XP-endo ( shaper\ finisher) combination.…”

“…Regarding the present study irrigation volume and temperature and cleaning duration were standardized for all test groups. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of combined use of XP-endo shaper and finisher in cleaning IRR cavities compared to PUI Passive ultrasonic irrigation has been the treatment of choice over the years (4,5,6) . Though proven to be fairly successful method it falls short of completely removing granulation tissues from the hard to reach areas of the IRR defect (24) thus New treatment alternatives are continually been researched .…”

“…Furthermore Niavarzi etal 2019 (6) found that PUI allowed significantly more penetration of photosensitizer into infected dentinal tubules with Enterococcus Faecalis biofilm indicating not only the biological activation of the photosensitizer but more over the physical advantage of PUI which provide forcing irrigation into hard to reach root canal irregularities Resent evolution in the field of NiTi instrument manufacturing has manipulated the metallurgical properties of NiTi via thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatments. This new generation of NiTi alloy has transformation temperature close to body temperature; allowing for the martensitic in-strument to transform to the predetermined austenitic shape (7,8) XP endo shaper system is the bread of this novel and special technology ( max wire NiTi technology) were the instrument is present in malleable M phases structure at room temperature which shifts assuming a programmed shape when it is introduced in to the root canal and hits body temperature turning into an expanding instrument stiff enough to cut dentin.…”

Innovative Strategies Toward the Disassembly of the EPS Matrix in Bacterial Biofilms

“…Niavarzi et al recently considered the hypothesis of combining these two strategies, by using ultrasounds to activate a PS (methylene blue), followed by PDT. In fact, ultrasonic activation of PS in conjugation with the PDT increased the penetration depth into E. faecalis biofilms, leading to greater antibiofilm activity of the PS compared to the use of PDT alone, with reduction bacterial counts of ∼98%, comparing to the control group (Niavarzi et al, 2019).…”

Medicación intraconducto frente al Enterococcus faecalis

“…A la microscopía se ha podido observar que el Enterococcus faecalis penetra en los túbulos dentinarios y que se constituye uno de los elementos que le permite a la bacteria poder soportar medios alcalinos con el del hidróxido de calcio y de los demás medicamentos. Ante ello, estudios como el de Niavarzi S. et al (30), en el 2019, desarrollaron los efectos del ultrasonido y la terapia fotodinámica, en los cuales evaluaron la profundidad de penetración de ambas técnicas para eliminar al biofilm del Enterococcus faecalis. Para tales fines, los dientes se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos experimentales (n = 16) y un grupo control: Grupo A.…”