Effect of zinc supplementation on mood states in young women: a pilot study

Sawada, Takako; Yokoi, Kohei

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.158

Cited by 79 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Other studies have shown inverse relationships between dietary Zn intakes and depression in women (13)(14)(15)(16) . Furthermore, research suggests that Zn supplementation as an adjunct to antidepressant drug treatment significantly lowers depressive symptoms in depressed patients compared with antidepressant treatment alone (17)(18)(19) .…”

Section: Magnesium Dietary Intake Raine Study Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 87%

Low dietary intake of magnesium is associated with increased externalising behaviours in adolescents

Black

Allen

Jacoby

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Adequate Zn and Mg intakes may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety and attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. We aimed to investigate the prospective association between dietary intakes of Zn and Mg and internalising and externalising behaviour problems in a population-based cohort of adolescents. Design: Prospective analysis (general linear mixed models) of dietary intakes of Zn and Mg assessed using a validated FFQ and mental health symptoms assessed using the Youth Self-Report (YSR), adjusting for sex, physical activity, family income, supplement status, dietary misreporting, BMI, family functioning and energy intake. Setting: Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Subjects: Adolescents (n 684) at the 14-and 17-year follow-ups. Results: Higher dietary intake of Mg (per SD increase) was significantly associated with reduced externalising behaviours (β = −1·45; 95 % CI −2·40, −0·50; P = 0·003). There was a trend towards reduced externalising behaviours with higher Zn intake (per SD increase; β = −0·73; 95 % CI −1·57, 0·10; P = 0·085). Conclusions: The study shows an association between higher dietary Mg intake and reduced externalising behaviour problems in adolescents. We observed a similar trend, although not statistically significant, for Zn intake. Randomised controlled trials are necessary to determine any benefit of micronutrient supplementation in the prevention and treatment of mental health problems in adolescents. Keywords Magnesium Dietary intake Raine Study Mental healthZn and Mg are essential minerals involved in functioning of the central nervous system. Dietary sources of Zn include red meat, poultry, legumes, nuts and seeds, certain types of seafood (e.g. oysters, crab and lobster), whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals and dairy products. Mg is widely distributed in plant foods, particularly green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds and whole grains. Zn is a cofactor of many enzymes that play a role in brain function (1) and is present in regions of the brain associated with the pathophysiology of mood disorders, including the amygdala, hippocampus and cerebral cortex (2) . Zn modulates neuronal excitability by inhibiting both the GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (3) and has shown antidepressant-like activities in animal models (4)(5)(6) . Mg is another potent antagonist of the NMDA receptor complex (7) and Mg deficiency has been related to symptoms such as agitation, anxiety, irritability and hyperexcitability (8) . In rodent models, Mg depletion increases anxiety and depression-like behaviours (9,10) , and mice with low erythrocyte Mg levels have been found to exhibit more aggressive behaviour than those with high Mg levels (11) .Recently, Jacka et al. reported that dietary intakes of Zn and Mg were inversely and cross-sectionally associated with depressive and anxiety scores in a population-based sample of women (n 1046) (12) . Other studies have shown...

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Section: Magnesium Dietary Intake Raine Study Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 87%

Low dietary intake of magnesium is associated with increased externalising behaviours in adolescents

Black

Allen

Jacoby

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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“…imipramine 50mg/daily) [127]. In a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study, Zinc supplementation was shown to improve mood states, reduce anger-hostility score and depression-dejection score [128]. …”

Section: Depression As a Matter Of Dysregulated Glutamatementioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies

Lang

Borgwardt²

2013

Cell Physiol Biochem

6,215

229

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Depression is a multicausal disorder and has been associated with the risk to develop cancer, dementia, diabetes, epilepsy and stroke. As a metabolic disorder depression has been associated with obesity, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, neuropeptide Y, glucose regulation, poor glycemic control, glucagone-like peptide-1, cholezystokinin, ghrelin, leptin, the endocannabinoid system, insulin-like growth factor and gastrin-releasing peptide. As a cardiovascular disease a close relationship exists between depression and blood pressure, heart rate, norepinephrine, sympathetic tone, vascular resistance, blood viscosity, plasma volume, intima thickness and atherosclerosis. Additionally blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, D-dimers, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein, platelet activation, VEGF, plasma nitric oxide and its synthase are changed in depressed patients. As an endocrinological and stress disorder depression has been connected with the concentration of free T₄, TSH, CRH, arginine vasopressin, corticotrophin, corticosteroid release and ACTH. Depression as an inflammatory disorder is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, soluble interleukin-2 receptors, interferon-alpha, interleukin 8, interleukin-10, hs-CRP, acute phase proteins, haptoglobin, toll like receptor 4, interleukin-1beta, mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, substance P, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin-E2, lipid peroxidation levels and acid sphingomyelinase. Nutritional factors might influence depression risk, i.e. the consumption of folate, omega-3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, olive oil, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. The neurodegenerative hypothesis of depression explains decreased hippocampal volumes in depressed patients and changes of neurotrophic support by BDNF, erythropoietin, GDNF, FGF-2, NT3, NGF and growth hormone. In this context, a fast neuroprotective and antidepressant effect has also been observed by ketamine, which acts via the glutamatergic system. Hence, GABA, AMPA, EAAT, NMDA- and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 to mGluR8) have gained interest in depression recently. Alternative, causative or also easy available treatment strategies beyond serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition might be a major topic of future psychiatric care. In this review, an attempt is made to overview concepts of the disease and search for perspectives on antidepressant treatment strategies beyond approved medications.

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“…Studies of clinically depressed (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) and healthy (27,28) groups have suggested a link between zinc status and psychological well-being. Given evidence to suggest that for a multiplicity of reasons, ageing can be associated with zinc depletion (31) , it was hypothesised that supplemented zinc would enhance mood in older people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplemented zinc does not alter mood in healthy older European adults – a randomised placebo-controlled trial: the Zenith study

Stewart-Knox

Rae

Simpson

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Older people are vulnerable to zinc deficiency, which may impact upon their mood. This randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind intervention study aimed to investigate the effect of oral zinc gluconate supplementation (15 mg/d; 30 mg/d; and placebo) on subjective mood (affect) in older Europeans. Subjects: Healthy volunteers (n 387) aged 55-87 years were recruited. Setting: Volunteers in Rome (Italy; n 108) and Grenoble (France; n 91) were aged 70-87 years and those in Coleraine (Northern Ireland; n 93) and Clermont-Ferrand (France; n 95) were aged 55-70 years. Design: Mood was measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale on four occasions per day over 4 d at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-intervention. Results: Mixed ANOVA indicated that neither positive nor negative affect altered in response to zinc (15 mg/d or 30 mg/d) compared to placebo in either the 55-70 years or the $70 years age group. Conclusions: These results suggest that zinc does not benefit mood in healthy older people.

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Effect of zinc supplementation on mood states in young women: a pilot study

Cited by 79 publications

References 8 publications

Low dietary intake of magnesium is associated with increased externalising behaviours in adolescents

Low dietary intake of magnesium is associated with increased externalising behaviours in adolescents

Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies

Supplemented zinc does not alter mood in healthy older European adults – a randomised placebo-controlled trial: the Zenith study

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