A Western dietary pattern at 14 years in a general population sample was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD at 17 years, particularly in obese adolescents. In centrally obese adolescents with NAFLD, a healthy dietary pattern may be protective, whereas a Western dietary pattern may increase the risk.

When commonly consumed mushroom species are exposed to a source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, such as sunlight or a UV lamp, they can generate nutritionally relevant amounts of vitamin D. The most common form of vitamin D in mushrooms is D2, with lesser amounts of vitamins D3 and D4, while vitamin D3 is the most common form in animal foods. Although the levels of vitamin D2 in UV-exposed mushrooms may decrease with storage and cooking, if they are consumed before the ‘best-before’ date, vitamin D2 level is likely to remain above 10 μg/100 g fresh weight, which is higher than the level in most vitamin D-containing foods and similar to the daily requirement of vitamin D recommended internationally. Worldwide mushroom consumption has increased markedly in the past four decades, and mushrooms have the potential to be the only non-animal, unfortified food source of vitamin D that can provide a substantial amount of vitamin D2 in a single serve. This review examines the current information on the role of UV radiation in enhancing the concentration of vitamin D2 in mushrooms, the effects of storage and cooking on vitamin D2 content, and the bioavailability of vitamin D2 from mushrooms.

Food fortification is a potentially effective public health strategy to increase vitamin D intakes and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. We updated a previous systematic review to evaluate current evidence from randomized controlled intervention studies in community-dwelling adults of the effect of fortified foods on 25(OH)D concentrations. Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled intervention studies with vitamin D-fortified foods in free-living adults and data on circulating 25(OH)D. Two reviewers independently screened 441 papers for eligibility and extracted the relevant data. A meta-analysis of the absolute mean change in circulating 25(OH)D concentrations was conducted using a random effects model. Sixteen studies from 15 publications were included, of which 14 showed a significant effect of fortified foods on 25(OH)D concentrations. Heterogeneity was high (P = <0.0001, I(2) = 89%) and was partly explained by dose, latitude (range, 3-60°), and baseline 25(OH)D (range, 24.0-83.6 nmol/L). When combined in a random effects analysis (n = 1513; 767 treated, 746 controls), a mean individual intake of ~11 μg/d (440 IU/d) from fortified foods (range, 3-25 μg/d) increased 25(OH)D by 19.4 nmol/L (95% CI: 13.9, 24.9), corresponding to a 1.2 nmol/L (95% CI: 0.72, 1.68) increase in 25(OH)D for each 1 μg ingested. Vitamin D food fortification increases circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in community-dwelling adults. Safe and effective food-based strategies could increase 25(OH)D across the population distribution and prevent vitamin D deficiency with potential benefit for public health.

A 'Western' dietary pattern associates with an increased risk of mental health problems including depressive symptoms in adolescents, through biologically plausible pathways of adiposity and inflammation, whereas a 'Healthy' dietary pattern appears protective in these pathways. Longitudinal modelling into adulthood is indicated to confirm the complex associations of dietary patterns, adiposity, inflammation and mental health problems, including depressive symptoms.