Effect of zirconia addition on the microstructural evolution of porous hydroxyapatite

Microstructure, bioactivity and osteoblast behavior of monoclinic zirconia coating with nanostructured surface

“…In addition, zirconia has also been used as a second phase to improve the bonding strength and fracture toughness of HA coatings [9][10][11]. Zirconia shows morphological fixation with the surrounding tissues without producing any chemical or biological bonding when implanted [12].…”

The effect of high-energy ball milling parameters on the preparation and characterization of fluorapatite nanocrystalline powder

“…The penalty of such a reaction was the consumption of the Ca from the final product [27]. Thus, the produced FHA100 phase after 10 h of milling under condition IV had the Ca/P ratio lower than stoichiometric value (Ca/P < 1.67) as a result of CaZrO 3 formation during milling under condition IV.…”

Effect on growth and osteoblast mineralization of hydroxyapatite-zirconia (HA-ZrO 2 ) obtained by a new low temperature system

“…Zirconium oxide exists in three polymorphic forms: monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic; m-ZrO2 being the thermodynamically most stable phase at room temperature [20]. On the other hand, the tetragonal phase t-ZrO2, used at high temperature has high hardness and wear resistance.…”

“…Pressure-less sintering usually requires temperatures above 1473 K [27][28][29]; moreover, HA-ZrO 2 powders require sintering treatment over 1773 K [20,30].…”

“…M-phase is frail at room temperature, and therefore requires stabilization to prevent tetragonal (T)-to-monoclinic (M) transformation in technical applications [20]. To minimize this transformation and achieve the stabilization of the tetragonal phase at low temperatures, different strategies can be applied and one of these consists of obtaining particles in the nanometer range.…”