Effective 3-D shape discrimination survives retinal blur

Norman, J. Farley; Beers, Amanda M.; Holmin, Jessica; Boswell, Andalexandria M.

doi:10.3758/app.72.6.1569

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This is consistent with the finding that many other visual tasks are relatively resilient to small amounts of retinal defocus. This included motion detection, motion direction discrimination, manual steering, the monocular perception of distance and the perception of stereoscopic depth, as reviewed by Norman and colleagues . Thus, while many visual tasks, particularly those that are static in nature, appear to be quite robust to retinal defocus, the degree to which performance is affected by retinal defocus appears to be dependent on the nature of the task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of retinal defocus on basketball free throw shooting performance

Bulson

Ciuffreda

Hayes

et al. 2015

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Background: Vision plays a critical role in athletic performance; however, previous studies have demonstrated that a variety of simulated athletic sensorimotor tasks can be surprisingly resilient to retinal defocus (blurred vision). The purpose of the present study was to extend this work to determine the effect of retinal defocus on overall basketball free throw performance, as well as for the factors gender, refractive error and experience. Methods: Forty-four young adult participants of both genders were recruited. They had a range of refractive errors and basketball experience. Each performed 20 standard basketball free throws under five lens defocus conditions in a randomised manner: plano, +1.50 D, +3.00 D, +4.50 D and +10.00 D. Results: Overall, free throw performance was significantly reduced under the +10.00 D lens defocus condition only. Previous experience, but neither refractive error nor gender, yielded a statistically significant difference in performance. Conclusion: Consistent with previous studies of complex sensorimotor tasks, basketball free throw performance was resilient to low and moderate levels of retinal defocus. Thus, for a relatively non-dynamic motor task at a fixed far distance, such as the basketball free throw, precise visual clarity was not critical. Other factors such as motor memory may be important. However, in the dynamic athletic competitive environment it is likely that visual clarity plays a more critical role in one's performance level, at least for specific task demands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of retinal defocus on basketball free throw shooting performance

Bulson

Ciuffreda

Hayes

et al. 2015

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…The viewing distance was again 100 cm. The observers viewed the stimuli monocularly through a viewing hood (Norman, Beers, et al, 2010;Todd & Norman, 1991).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While early investigators employed a variety of surface shapes defined by binocular disparity and/or motion (e.g., Braunstein, 1966;Green, 1961;Julesz, 1971;Johansson, 1975;Ullman, 1979;Wallach & O'Connell, 1953), vision researchers did not actually measure human observers' ability to discriminate 3-D surface shape until the 1980s and 1990s (e.g., de Vries, Kappers, & Koenderink, 1993;Norman & Lappin, 1992;Norman, Lappin, & Zucker, 1991;Rogers & Graham, 1979;Sperling, Landy, Dosher, & Perkins, 1989;Uttal, Davis, Welke, & Kakarala, 1988;Van Damme & Van de Grind, 1993). Such psychophysical research into shape discrimination has continued to the present day (e.g., Norman, Beers, Holmin, & Boswell, 2010;Norman, Swindle, Jennings, Mullins, & Beers, 2009;Vreven, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity

Norman

Holmin

Beers

et al. 2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Two experiments evaluated the ability of younger and older adults to visually discriminate 3-D shape as a function of surface coherence. The coherence was manipulated by embedding the 3-D surfaces in volumetric noise (e.g., for a 55 % coherent surface, 55 % of the stimulus points fell on a 3-D surface, while 45 % of the points occupied random locations within the same volume of space). The 3-D surfaces were defined by static binocular disparity, dynamic binocular disparity, and motion. The results of both experiments demonstrated significant effects of age: Older adults required more coherence (tolerated volumetric noise less) for reliable shape discrimination than did younger adults. Motion-defined and static-binoculardisparity-defined surfaces resulted in similar coherence thresholds. However, performance for dynamic-binoculardisparity-defined surfaces was superior (i.e., the observers' surface coherence thresholds were lowest for these stimuli). The results of both experiments showed that younger and older adults possess considerable tolerance to the disrupting effects of volumetric noise; the observers could reliably discriminate 3-D surface shape even when 45 % of the stimulus points (or more) constituted noise.

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“…Norman and colleagues [10] blurred their observers’ vision using 2.0-, 2.5-, and 3.0-diopter lenses; the use of these lenses reduced the observers’ acuity to 0.45, 0.67, and 0.92 LogMAR (log minimum angle of resolution), respectively. Even though blurring the observers’ vision produced severe deteriorations in acuity (e.g., a LogMAR acuity of 1.0 often represents legal blindness) [11], this manipulation did not appreciably affect the observers’ ability to discriminate 3-D object shape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and Weight-Ratio Perception

Holmin

Norman

2012

PLoS ONE

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Past research has provided evidence that older adults have more difficulty than younger adults in discriminating small differences in lifted weight (i.e., the difference threshold for older adults is higher than that of younger adults). Given this result, one might expect that older adults would demonstrate similar impairments in weight ratio perception (a suprathreshold judgment) compared to younger adults. The current experiment compared the abilities of younger and older adults to perceive weight ratios. On any given trial, participants lifted two objects in succession and were asked to provide an estimate of the objects’ weight ratio (the weight of the heavier object relative to the lighter). The results showed that while the older participants’ weight ratio estimates were as reliable as those of the younger participants, they were significantly less accurate: the older participants frequently perceived the weight ratios to be much higher than they actually were.

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Effective 3-D shape discrimination survives retinal blur

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

Effect of retinal defocus on basketball free throw shooting performance

Effect of retinal defocus on basketball free throw shooting performance

Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity

Aging and Weight-Ratio Perception

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