Effects of a medetomidine-ketamine combination on Schirmer tear test I results of clinically normal cats

Pietro, Simona Di; Macrı̀, Francesco; Bonarrigo, Tiziana; Giudice, Elisabetta; Piccionello, Angela Palumbo; Pugliese, Antonio

doi:10.2460/ajvr.77.3.310

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In the group received xylazine and ketamine, there was a significant decrease of the tears after administration of xylazine which lasted to about 20 minutes after ketamine injection, then returned nearly to the normal values or the pre-anesthetic values after 30 minutes of ketamine and xylazine administration. This effect was nearly similar to the effect resulted from medtomidine-ketamine combination in cats (Di Pietro et al, 2016).…”

Section: Advances In Animal and Veterinary Sciences November 2019 | Vsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…There are several studies which did not recommend the use of xylazine or xylazine combination in small animal practice due to its outstanding adverse effects. The anesthetic regime in small animals, including xyalzine, was associated with a high mortality rate and anesthetic risk (Clarke and Hall, 1990;Dodman & Lamb, 1992;Sinclair, 2003). The effects of xylazine and/or ketamine on different body systems were reported in the literature (Muir et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Xylazine HCl and/or Ketamine HCl on the Tear Production in Clinically Healthy Dogs

Abdelhakiem¹,

Elmeligy²,

Al-lethie³

2019

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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Objective: The effect of commonly used sedative and anesthetic drugs (xylazine and ketamine HCl) on tear production rate was evaluated in dogs using Schirmer tear test-I (STT I). Materials and Methods: Tear production using Schirmer tear strips were measured in healthy dogs before and after intramuscular injection of 1mg/kg of xylazine HCl (X; n = 4), 5 mg/kg of Ketamine HCl (K; n = 4), and combination of xylazine (1mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/ kg) (XK; n = 4). The tear production was recorded at times 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after injection of drugs. Results: Tear production rate significantly decreased (P< 0.05) at 10, 20 and 30 minutes from xylazine injection. It significantly increased (P< 0.05) at 30 minutes elapsed after ketamine injection. In the third group (XK), there was a significant decrease in tear production until 20 minutes after the injection of drugs. The effect of ketamine appeared clearly after 30 minutes to return the STT I values mostly to the pre-treatment values. Conclusion: The study recommends the use of a sterile ocular lubricant or tears replacement as a corneal protectant in dogs sedated or anesthetized using xylazine or a combination of xylazine-ketamine respectively.

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Section: Advances In Animal and Veterinary Sciences November 2019 | Vsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Xylazine HCl and/or Ketamine HCl on the Tear Production in Clinically Healthy Dogs

Abdelhakiem¹,

Elmeligy²,

Al-lethie³

2019

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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“…Adverse ocular side effects of GA are lagophthalmos, leading to exposure keratopathy (EK); loss of eyelid reflex; decreased basal tear production and reduced stability of the corneal tear film [2]. Anesthesia induced corneal lesions have been reported also in dogs [3][4][5][6][7][8], cats [9,10] and horses [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schirmer Tear Test Value and Corneal Lesions’ Incidence during General Anesthesia for Non-Ophthalmic Surgery in Non-Brachycephalic Dogs: A Pilot Study Comparing Three Different Lubricant Eye Drop Formulations

Palma

Micieli

Lamagna

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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Aim of this blinded, prospective, randomized clinical study was to compare three different lubricant eye drops (LED) in healthy adult dogs undergoing general anaesthesia (GA) for non-ophthalmic surgery. Tear production rate was monitored by means of Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), and incidence of post-operative corneal abrasions/ulcerations was detected by corneal staining. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed before premedication, at extubation time and 24 h after GA in twenty-five non-brachycephalic dogs (fifty eyes) undergoing elective orthopaedic or spinal surgery procedures. Dogs were randomly allocated to one of three groups receiving as prophylactic LED either carmellose sodium (GC), or 1% hyaluronic acid (GH), or 0.25% hyaluronic acid (GL). In each eye STT-1 was repeated every hour during GA, before instilling one drop of the assigned LED. In all groups STT-1 values drastically decreased during GA, while 24 h later nine eyes (18%) had STT-1 values lower than 15 mm/minute. All of the three formulations tested were fully effective in preventing corneal ulceration (0% in all groups), while 10% of eyes reported superficial de-epithelialization. Fluorescein staining demonstrated that hourly prophylactic LED application prevented exposure keratopathy during general anesthesia in 90% of the eyes in non-brachycephalic dogs.

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“…(Di Pietro et al . ) Given the variability in IOP and STT measurements associated with certain anaesthetic protocols in multiple species, the establishment of normal parameters in conscious, chute‐restrained fallow deer can be applied to other fallow deer under similar restraint conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in conscious captive European fallow deer (DAMA dama)

Pacheco

Bauer

Sadar

2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Normal values for intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production in conscious cervids have not been reported to date. Based on trends in zoological institutions to perform non‐anaesthetized health exams, it is applicable to establish normal values in conscious animals, as anaesthesia and sedation can alter these parameters. The goal of this study was to estimate intraocular pressures using rebound tonometry and measure tear production values in a group of healthy, conscious, European fallow deer utilizing chute restraint. Evaluation of these values with regards to instrumentation and restraint variables will be assessed. Complete ophthalmic examinations, including estimation of IOP with rebound tonometry and measurement of tear production with Schirmer tear tests (STT) were performed on nine conscious European fallow deer (Dama dama) restrained in a chute. Correlations between IOP on the unspecified (P) and the equine (H) settings, as well as IOP and STT differences between left (OS) and right (OD) eyes were evaluated, in addition to assessment of correlations between right and left lateral recumbency on IOP and STT. Tear production measurements were 18.7 ± 5.1 mm min−1 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) range of 16.4–21.1 mm min−1. Intraocular pressure measurements for the P setting were 16.1 ± 4.5 mmHg with a 95% CI range of 14.1–18.2 mmHg, and for the H setting were 21.5 ± 5.1 mmHg with a 95% CI range of 19.1–23.9 mmHg. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between OS and OD in any test. Neither left nor right lateral recumbency was found to have a statistically significant effect on IOP or STT. This study represents the first assessment of ophthalmic parameters in conscious fallow deer with rebound tonometry and STT.

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Effects of a medetomidine-ketamine combination on Schirmer tear test I results of clinically normal cats

Abstract: Results indicated that a tear substitute should be administered to eyes of cats anesthetized with a medetomidine-ketamine combination from the time of anesthetic administration until at least 15 minutes after administration of atipamezole.

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of Xylazine HCl and/or Ketamine HCl on the Tear Production in Clinically Healthy Dogs

Effect of Xylazine HCl and/or Ketamine HCl on the Tear Production in Clinically Healthy Dogs

Schirmer Tear Test Value and Corneal Lesions’ Incidence during General Anesthesia for Non-Ophthalmic Surgery in Non-Brachycephalic Dogs: A Pilot Study Comparing Three Different Lubricant Eye Drop Formulations

Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in conscious captive European fallow deer (DAMA dama)

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