Effects of a Single Cell Protein (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) in Pacific White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Diet on Growth Performance, Survival Rate and Resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the Causative Agent of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease

Abstract

The efficacy of a single cell protein (SCP) methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®, Calysta, Menlo Park, CA, United States), in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) diets was studied to determine growth performance, survival rate and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). The growth trial was assigned in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and 5 replicates of each, T1: a fishmeal-based control containing 15% fish meal and 3 diets with graded levels of methanotroph bacteria meal, namely T2: 5% methanotroph bacteria meal, T3: 10% methanotroph bacteria meal, and T4: 15% methanotroph bacteria meal. Shrimp were fed ad libitum for 6 weeks on trial diets to assess growth. Subsequent to the growth trial, three replicates of the same groups were exposed to V. parahaemolyticus by a single bath challenge and held for a further 15 days on the same diets as the growth study to assess survival and resistance. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in survival or in growth performance, including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed consumption or feed conversion ratio of white shrimp fed feeds containing methanotroph bacteria meal or control diets for 6 weeks. Immune markers such as hemocyte counts, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity were similar across all groups after the 6-week feeding trial. In a V. parahaemolyticus challenge, methanotroph bacteria meal in the diet significantly promoted the survival rate, and the reduction of Vibrio sp. in the hepatopancreas of white shrimp. Hemocyte count and phenoloxidase activity showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between diet treatment groups, but hemolymph protein was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shrimp fed diets containing 15% methanotroph bacteria meal after challenge. The Vibrio colony counts from hepatopancreas in the treatment groups were all significantly lower than the control (p < 0.05). The findings show that methanotroph bacteria meal can entirely replace fishmeal in white shrimp diets and the 15% inclusion of methanotroph bacteria meal in shrimp diet shows no adverse effects on growth performance, feed utilization and survival rate. In addition, shrimp fed methanotroph bacteria meal diets exhibited improved survival rates to an AHPND challenge.

A Natural Gas Fermentation Bacterial Meal (FeedKind®) as a Functional Alternative Ingredient for Fishmeal in Diet of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

“…In addition, although all groups showed a greater than 85% survival rate, the survival rate of the FK3, FK6, and FK9 was significantly higher than that of the C ( p < 0.05). It should be noted that there is precedent for SCP sources, and in particular M. capsulatus , to increase survival [ 22 ] and to reduce gastroenteritis [ 25 , 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

“…To date, there have been more than 20 publications that demonstrate that these methane-oxidizing bacteria meal are safe, effective and with low carbon footprint in livestock and aquatic animal feed [ 9 , 16 ]. In general, FK can be used at 4~13% of total diet to replace equivalent amount of FM in fish and shrimp feed with positive or equivalent effects on survival and growth performance [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Interestingly, the inclusion of 300 mg of M. capsulatus per kg of feed could prevent the development of dietary soybean meal induced intestinal inflammation in Atlantic salmon [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

C1 gas protein: A potential protein substitute for advancing aquaculture sustainability

“…As one of the earliest available C1GP products, methane-utilizing gas protein products have been used as fishmeal alternatives in the diet of different aquatic species, including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, 26 Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, 74 rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, 71 Japanese yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, 75 Nile tilapia, 83 black sea bream, 65 largemouth bass 84 and Pacific white shrimp. [85][86][87][88] Studies in Atlantic salmon 70,77,89 have reported that fish fed diets containing up to 300 g/kg Bioprotein did not negatively affect growth performance or enhanced growth performance in certain studies. When fish were fed diets containing up to 370 g/kg bacterial meal, the growth performance and survival rate of Atlantic salmon were both significantly suppressed.…”

“…However, one study on Atlantic halibut found that fish fed a diet with 9% Bioprotein did not significantly affect the growth performance, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio, while dietary 18% Bioprotein reduced the growth performance 74 . Recently, some studies are using FeedKind in Pacific white shrimp diet 85–88 . Jintasataporn et al, 88 even found that there were no negative effects on growth performance, feed utilization and survival rate in shrimp fed the diet that 100% fishmeal was replaced with FeedKind.…”

“…Recently, some studies are using FeedKind in Pacific white shrimp diet 85–88 . Jintasataporn et al, 88 even found that there were no negative effects on growth performance, feed utilization and survival rate in shrimp fed the diet that 100% fishmeal was replaced with FeedKind.…”