Effects of altitude in the performance of a spark ignition internal combustion engine

Martínez, Jorge; Robles, Luis; Montalvo, Francisco; Morales, Daysi Baño; Zambrano, Iván

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.475

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…son requeridos como condiciones iniciales para iniciar la simulación en el software ANSYS de los modelos planteados según las aperturas de la mariposa de aceleración. Martínez et al [11] realizaron un estudio sobre la importancia que tiene la altitud variable de las diferentes regiones del Ecuador sobre los motores de combustión interna. El estudio se efectuó a través de las señales generadas por los sensores MAPS y de la posición del TPS.…”

Section: Parámetros De Estudiounclassified

Evaluación del Comportamiento de Motores a Gasolina Mediante Simulación del Flujo de Aire a Través del Cuerpo de Aceleración

Quitiaquez¹,

Argüello²,

Simbaña³

et al. 2023

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En esta investigación, se analizó el cuerpo de aceleración de un motor pequeño a gasolina, de 1.1 L. El módulo de control electrónico recibe la información de los sensores de presión, temperatura y posición de la válvula de mariposa de aceleración, para efectuar los cálculos que determinan la cantidad de inyección de combustible necesario para producir la combustión. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aumentar el flujo de aire que ingresa al colector de admisión, utilizando dinámica de fluidos computacionales (CFD, por sus siglas en inglés). Se analizó dos modelos de válvula de mariposa, el original, en donde se estudió el comportamiento interno del cuerpo de aceleración, tanto en presiones como flujos. Mientras que, el segundo modelo modificado, con un corte en el eje de rotación, en donde se propone un aumento en el flujo de aire hacia el colector de admisión. Se realizaron cuatro simulaciones, con apertura relativa de 0, 20, 40 y 78 %, obteniendo valores de presiones promedio entre 31.35 a 70.05 kPa, además de flujos promedios a la salida del cuerpo de admisión de 6.72 a 58.71 g·m-1 a medida que se abre la válvula de mariposa de aceleración. Para la validación de datos, se comparó las presiones de salida obtenida con el sensor de presión absoluta del colector de admisión respecto a los valores de las simulaciones. Sin disponer de un dato experimental para el flujo másico, se realizó el análisis entre los dos modelos simulados, con una media de flujo de 28.22 g·m-1 y un aumento de flujo másico del 9 % en el cuerpo modificado. A medida que aumenta la apertura de la mariposa, los valores de presión se asemejan.

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Section: Parámetros De Estudiounclassified

Evaluación del Comportamiento de Motores a Gasolina Mediante Simulación del Flujo de Aire a Través del Cuerpo de Aceleración

Quitiaquez¹,

Argüello²,

Simbaña³

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous studies have shown that these specific high-altitude atmospheric and thermodynamic conditions can strongly favor new aerosol particle formation (NPF;Boulon et al, 2010;Brines et al, 2015;Hallar et al, 2011;Sellegri et al, 2019;Singla et al, 2018;Sorribas et al, 2015). Additionally, it has been observed that low-oxygen environments alter the performance and reduce the efficiency of combustion engines (Martínez et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2013a), thus changing the vehicular emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants (Bishop et al, 2001;Giraldo and Huertas, 2019;He et al, 2011;Nagpure et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2013b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source apportionment study on particulate air pollution in two high-altitude Bolivian cities: La Paz and El Alto

Mardoñez,

Pandolfi,

Borlaza

et al. 2023

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. La Paz and El Alto are two fast-growing, high-altitude Bolivian cities forming the second-largest metropolitan area in the country. Located between 3200 and 4050 m a.s.l. (above sea level), these cities are home to a burgeoning population of approximately 1.8 million residents. The air quality in this conurbation is heavily influenced by urbanization; however, there are no comprehensive studies evaluating the sources of air pollution and their health impacts. Despite their proximity, the substantial variation in altitude, topography, and socioeconomic activities between La Paz and El Alto result in distinct sources, dynamics, and transport of particulate matter (PM). In this investigation, PM10 samples were collected at two urban background stations located in La Paz and El Alto between April 2016 and June 2017. The samples were later analyzed for a wide range of chemical species including numerous source tracers (OC, EC, water-soluble ions, sugar anhydrides, sugar alcohols, trace metals, and molecular organic species). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF v.5.0) receptor model was employed for the source apportionment of PM10. This is one of the first source apportionment studies in South America that incorporates an extensive suite of organic markers, including levoglucosan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, and alkanes, alongside inorganic species. The multisite PMF resolved 11 main sources of PM. The largest annual contribution to PM10 came from the following two major sources: the ensemble of the four vehicular emissions sources (exhaust and non-exhaust), accountable for 35 % and 25 % of the measured PM in La Paz and El Alto, respectively; and dust, which contributed 20 % and 32 % to the total PM mass. Secondary aerosols accounted for 22 % (24 %) in La Paz (El Alto). Agricultural smoke resulting from biomass burning in the Bolivian lowlands and neighboring countries contributed to 9 % (8 %) of the total PM10 mass annually, increasing to 17 % (13 %) between August–October. Primary biogenic emissions were responsible for 13 % (7 %) of the measured PM10 mass. Additionally, a profile associated with open waste burning occurring from May to August was identified. Although this source contributed only to 2 % (5 %) of the total PM10 mass, it constitutes the second largest source of PAHs, which are compounds potentially hazardous to human health. Our analysis additionally resolved two different traffic-related factors, a lubricant source (not frequently identified), and a non-exhaust emissions source. Overall, this study demonstrates that PM10 concentrations in La Paz and El Alto region are predominantly influenced by a limited number of local sources. In conclusion, to improve air quality in both cities, efforts should primarily focus on addressing dust, traffic emissions, open waste burning, and biomass burning.

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“…Previous studies have shown that these specific high-altitude atmospheric and thermodynamic conditions can strongly favor new aerosol particle formation (NPF) (Boulon et al, 2010;Brines et al, 2015;Hallar et al, 2011;Sellegri et al, 2019;Singla et al, 2018;Sorribas et al, 2015). It has also been observed that low oxygen environments alter the performance and reduce the efficiency of combustion engines (Martínez et al, 2022;X. Wang, et al, 2013a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source apportionment study on particulate air pollution in two high-altitude Bolivian cities: La Paz and El Alto

Mardóñez

Pandolfi

Borlaza

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Abstract. La Paz and El Alto are two fast-growing high-altitude Bolivian cities forming the second largest metropolitan area in the country, located between 3200 and 4050 m a.s.l. Together they host a growing population of around 1.8 million people. The air quality in this conurbation is strongly influenced by urbanization. However, there are no comprehensive studies that have assessed the sources of air pollution and their impacts on health. Despite being neighboring cities, the drastic change in altitude and topography between La Paz and El Alto together with different socio-economic activities lead to different sources, dynamics and transport of particulate matter (PM). In this investigation, PM10 samples were collected at two urban background stations located in La Paz and El Alto between April 2016 and June 2017. The samples were later analyzed for a wide range of chemical species including numerous source tracers (OC, EC, water-soluble ions, sugar anhydrides, sugar alcohols, trace metals, and molecular organic species). The US-EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF v.5.0) receptor model was then applied for source apportionment of PM10. This is the first source apportionment study in South America that incorporates a large set of organic markers (such as levoglucosan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAH, hopanes and alkanes) together with inorganic species. The multisite PMF resolved 11 main sources of PM. The largest annual contribution to PM10 came from two major sources: the ensemble of the four vehicular emissions sources (exhaust and non-exhaust), together responsible for 35 % and 25 % of the measured PM in La Paz and El Alto, respectively, and dust contributing 20 % and 32 % to the total. Secondary aerosols contributed 22 % (24 %) in La Paz (El Alto). Agriculture-related smoke from biomass burning originated in the Bolivian lowlands and neighboring countries contributed to 8 % (7 %) of the total PM10 mass annually. This contribution increased to 17 % (13 %) between August–October. Primary biogenic emissions were responsible for 13 % (7 %) of the measured PM10 mass. Finally, it was possible to identify a profile related to open waste burning occurring between the months of May and August. Despite the fact that this source contributed only to 2 % (5 %) of the total PM10 mass, it constitutes the second largest source of PAHs, compounds potentially hazardous to health. Our analysis resulted in the identification of two specific traffic-related sources. In addition, we also identified a lubricant source (not frequently identified) and a non-exhaust emissions source. This study shows that PM10 concentrations in La Paz and El Alto region are mostly impacted by a limited number of local sources. In conclusion, dust, traffic emissions, open waste burning and biomass burning are the main sources to target in order to improve air quality in both cities.

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Effects of altitude in the performance of a spark ignition internal combustion engine

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Evaluación del Comportamiento de Motores a Gasolina Mediante Simulación del Flujo de Aire a Través del Cuerpo de Aceleración

Evaluación del Comportamiento de Motores a Gasolina Mediante Simulación del Flujo de Aire a Través del Cuerpo de Aceleración

Source apportionment study on particulate air pollution in two high-altitude Bolivian cities: La Paz and El Alto

Source apportionment study on particulate air pollution in two high-altitude Bolivian cities: La Paz and El Alto

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