“…Deviant tones also elicit differential brain responses (higher-amplitude brain responses to deviant than standard tones) in awake (e.g., Javitt et al, 1994;Ruusuvirta et al, 1995Ruusuvirta et al, , 2010Pincze et al, 2001), sleeping (e.g., Csépe et al, 1987) and anesthetized (e.g., Kraus et al, 1994;Ruusuvirta et al, 1996;Ahmed et al, 2011;Astikainen et al, 2011;Nakamura et al, 2011;Tikhonravov et al, 2008) animals (for negative findings in anesthetized rats see, however, Erikson & Villa, 2005;Lazar & Metherate, 2003). Furthermore, similarly to MMN (Jacobsen and Schröger, 2001), differential brain responses in animals have been attributed to deviant tones as changes in the repetitiveness of a standard tone rather than as rare tones relative to the standard tone (e.g., Ruusuvirta et al, 1998;Nakamura et al, 2011;Taaseh et al, 2011;Jung et al, 2013;Shiramatsu et al, 2013;Harms et al, 2014;Malmierca et al, 2014).…”