Effects of Artificial Extraoral Markers on Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Dentofacial Image Integration: Smartphone Face Scan versus Stereophotogrammetry

Abstract

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning has been gaining popularity in personalized dentistry. Integration of the digital dental model into the 3D facial image allows for a treatment plan to be made in accordance with the patients’ individual needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraoral markers on the accuracy of digital dentofacial integrations. Facial models were generated using smartphone and stereophotogrammetry. Dental models were generated with and without extraoral markers and were registered to the facial models by matching the teeth or markers (n = 10 in each condition; total = 40). Accuracy of the image integration was measured in terms of general 3D position, occlusal plane, and dental midline deviations. The Mann–Whitney U test and two-way analysis of variance were used to compare results among face-scanning systems and matching methods (α = 0.05). As result, the accuracy of dentofacial registration was significantly affected by the use of artificial markers and different face-scanning systems (p < 0.001). The deviations were smallest in stereophotogrammetry with the marker-based matching and highest in smartphone face scans with the tooth-based matching. In comparison between the two face-scanning systems, the stereophotogrammetry generally produced smaller discrepancies than smartphones.

[Retracted] Intra‐ and Interrater Agreement of Face Esthetic Analysis in 3D Face Images

“…In the photogrammetry face scanning method, multiple single-lens reflex cameras are positioned at a fixed distance and angle from the object to ensure overlapping fields of view; thus, the oral area image in the face scan is often deformed because of limitations in the depth recognition of device and light accessibility. The faulty image reconstruction of the tooth structure on the face scan could be problematic for the tooth-based matching method to correctly conduct the dentofacial image integrations [ 17 ]. In this study, to enhance the accuracy of image matching, an extraoral marker tray was used.…”

“…The 3D facial images were collected using a 3D facial scanner (RAYFace; Ray, Seoul, Korea) ( Figure 2(c) and 2(d) ). The 3D images were acquired of smiling and resting faces with and without an extraoral marker tray [ 17 ]. The dental arch was scanned using an intraoral scanner (i700, MEDIT, Seoul, Korea) to acquire images of the dentition, which were saved in the polygon file format.…”

Mathematical Analysis of Frontal Area Bite Height Separation Using Dental Scanner Indicators in Localized Pathological Tooth Wear

“…Кожен елемент групи точок має планіметричні координати, що зберігаються. Одержані координати потім використовують для побудови рівняння колінеарності [26,27].…”

A guide for maximizing the accuracy of intraoral digital scans. Part 1: Operator factors

“…Obtaining accurate intraoral digital scans is critical for acquiring accurate virtual patient representations and, consequently, improving the reliability of the clinical procedure. The more accurate the digitizing methods, the higher the accuracy of the virtual patient 5,8,9 …”

“…The more accurate the digitizing methods, the higher the accuracy of the virtual patient. 5,8,9 Intraoral scanners (IOSs) are increasingly implemented in dental practices (Figure 1). 10 Regardless of the type of imaging technology employed by an IOS, all cameras require the projection of light that is recorded as individual images or video and compiled by the software after recognition of the points of interest (POI).…”