Effects of chlorocresol (4-chloro-2-methyl phenol) administered during the fertilization and cleavage phases of Xenopus laevis

Vismara, Claudio; Bernardini, Giovanni; Bordone, Laura; Spinelli, Orietta; Teruzzi, A.; Rossetti, C.

doi:10.1007/bf00203009

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…In addition, IVF makes the very early phases of development and even the fertilization process available to the assay. We think that efforts should be made to test this period as well as the following phases of morphogenesis and organogenesis [22]. The age at which the embryos were examined was increased to 120 h to allow better evaluation of some morphological details.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of the pesticide mcpa and its contaminants phenol and chlorocresol

Bernardini

Spinelli

Presutti

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The embryotoxicity of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), an extensively used herbicide, has been evaluated and compared to that of phenol and chlorocresol (two common contaminants) with a bioassay that makes use of embryos of the amphibian Xenopus. The MCPA-Na salt used in the bioassay was purified by crystallization and acid-base purification methods, and the concentrations of phenol and chlorocresol were checked by high-performance liquid chromotography. The relationship between the concentration of the tested molecule and the outcomes (i.e., mortality and malformations) was investigated using different models (probit, logit, and complementary log-log). The resulting LC50s for MCPA, chlorocresol, and phenol are 3,607, 13, and 178 mg/L, respectively; the resulting LC10s are 1,526, 6, and 32 mg/L. It is evident that the real MCPA toxicity can be masked by the presence of contaminants much more toxic than the molecule studied. Moreover, our results show that the three chemicals do not present a high teratogenic risk. Growth retardation shows that MCPA, chlorocresol, and phenol are effective at concentrations as low as 2,000, 2.5, and 25 mg/L, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%