Effects of cigarette smoking on the immune system: Follow‐up studies in normal subjects after cessation of smoking

Objectives:The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of smoking on the salivary immunoglobulin response in smokers and to evaluate the salivary immunoglobulin A in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers.Materials and Methods:The study included total of 80 subjects, of whom 40 were having history of chronic smoking habit, 20 were clinically diagnosed cases of recurrent aphthous ulcer and 20 were in the control group. Sample of unstimulated saliva was collected, centrifuged and analyzed for the level of salivary immunoglobulin A with turbidimetric immunoassay. For all the tests, a P- value of < 0.05 was considered for statistical significance.Results:The mean salivary immunoglobulin A level in control group was 0.20 Grams/litre and in smokers the mean salivary immunoglobulin A level was 0.13 Grams / Litre. In patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers mean salivary immunoglobulin A level was 0.31 Grams / Litre. The mean salivary immunoglobulin A levels showed a decreasing trend from controls to smokers. These results were highly significant for values between control groups to smokers.Conclusion:The mean salivary immunoglobulin A levels demonstrated a progressive decrease from controls to smokers. This investigative procedure although non-specific, can be used as a diagnostic marker in smokers and patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers.

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“…These findings are similar to Bennet and Reade[8] Hersey et al .,[21] and Barton et al . [18] who demonstrated decreased immunoglobulin A levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These values were lesser compared to that of Hersey et al . [21] (1.38 ± 0.45 g/l), Norhagen Engstrom[16] (240 mg/l). These values were higher compared to that of Olson et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of salivary immunoglobulin A levels in tobacco smokers and patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers

Shilpashree

Sarapur

2012

J Nat Sc Biol Med

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“…Hence, studies have shown that smokers have a number of organ damages, 124-126 they have impaired immune function leading to an increased risk of infection, 127 their wound healing process is impaired by smoking due to interference with the production of collagen, 128 and finally, even young asymptomatic smokers have reduced pulmonary capacity, increased mucus production, and reduced ciliary function. Hence, studies have shown that smokers have a number of organ damages, 124-126 they have impaired immune function leading to an increased risk of infection, 127 their wound healing process is impaired by smoking due to interference with the production of collagen, 128 and finally, even young asymptomatic smokers have reduced pulmonary capacity, increased mucus production, and reduced ciliary function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preoperative Smoking Status and Postoperative Complications

et al. 2014

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“…We categorized smoking as follows: consistent smokers (smoked in two consecutive visits); consistent minimal or non-smokers (smoked <1 cigarette per day in two consecutive visits); recent quitters (smoked in the last visit but stopped smoking in the current visit); and new/relapsed smokers (not smoked in the last visit but started or resumed smoking in the current visit). The categorization was based on data from previous studies which suggest that the effect of smoking on the immune system is acute (Tollerud et al,1989Hersey, Prendergast, & Edwards, 1983; Sunyer et al, 1996), with induction period of about five weeks (Thomas, Holt, & Keast, 1975) to 10 weeks (Chalmer, Holt, & Keast, 1975), and lasts for about six to 35 weeks since quitting (Thomas, Holt, & Keast, 1975; Miller, Goldstein, Murphy, & Ginns, 1982; Radloff, 1977). Since the time elapsed between the last HIV-ALC visit to the first HIV-LIVE visit was too long (range one month to 66 months) for some of the subjects enrolled in both cohorts, this secondary analysis was restricted to subjects who participated in HIV-LIVE.…”

Section: Design and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent cigarette smoking and HIV disease progression: no evidence of an association

et al. 2011

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The association between smoking and HIV disease progression has been examined in several studies; however, findings have been inconsistent. We examined the effect of recent cigarette smoking on CD4 + T cell count/µL (CD4 count) and HIV RNA concentration (HIV viral load [VL]) among two HIV-infected cohorts with alcohol problems in Massachusetts in the periods 1997-2001 and 2001-2006 using a prospective cohort design and linear mixed models. Smoking groups were defined as: minimal or non-smokers, light smokers, moderate smokers and heavy smokers. Age, alcohol use, injection drug use, depressive symptoms, gender, annual income, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence were considered as potential confounders. Among 462 subjects, no significant differences in CD4 count or viral load were found between smoking groups. Using minimal or non-smokers as the reference group, the adjusted mean differences in CD4 count were: 8.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): −17.4, 33.8) for heavy smokers; −0.1 (95% CI: −25.4, 5.1) for moderate smokers; and −2.6 (95% CI: −28.3, 3.0) for light smokers. For log10 VL, the adjusted differences were: 0.03 (95% CI: −0.12, 0.17) for heavy smokers; −0.06 (95% CI: −0.20, 0.08) for moderate smokers; and 0.14 (95% CI −0.01, 0.28) for light smokers. This study did not find an association between smoking cigarettes and HIV disease progression as measured by CD4 cell count and VL.

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Effects of cigarette smoking on the immune system: Follow‐up studies in normal subjects after cessation of smoking

Cited by 152 publications

References 13 publications

Evaluation of salivary immunoglobulin A levels in tobacco smokers and patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers

Evaluation of salivary immunoglobulin A levels in tobacco smokers and patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers

Preoperative Smoking Status and Postoperative Complications

Recent cigarette smoking and HIV disease progression: no evidence of an association

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