Effects of cylindrospermopsin on a common carp leucocyte cell line

Abstract

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cytotoxin produced by different cyanobacterial species, increasingly detected in water reservoirs worldwide. There is very little information available concerning the effects of the toxin on fish immune cells. The aim of the study was to elucidate the potential impact of cylindrospermopsin on the selected parameters of a common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leucocyte cell line (CLC). The cells were incubated with the cyanotoxin at concentrations of 10, 1 or 0.1 µg ml(-1) for up to 48 h. Cell viability and proliferation, apoptosis/necrosis induction, cell morphology and phagocytic activity were determined. The two higher toxin concentrations occurred to be evidently cytotoxic in a time-dependent manner and influenced all studied parameters. The lowest used concentration had no effects on cell viability and cell number; however, a strong reduction of bacteria uptake after 24-h exposure was detected. The obtained results indicate that cylindrospermopsin may interfere with the basic functions of fish phagocytic cells and as a consequence influence the fish immunity.

Cylindrospermopsin induces oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in the fish CLC cell line

“…The main mechanism of CYN toxicity is the irreversible protein synthesis inhibition, probably owing to interaction with some soluble factors involved in the eukaryotic translation process (Froscio et al , ). The exposure to the toxin implies diverse disorders described in various cell types, such as changes in the microfilament and microtubular cytoskeleton structure (Gácsi et al , ), lipid degradation and mitochondrial damage (Gutiérrez‐Praena et al , ), decrease of proliferation and phagocytic activity and others, including distinct proapoptotic and pronecrotic effects (Poniedziałek et al , ; Sieroslawska & Rymuszka, ).…”

“…Fish, owing to their habitat, are especially subjected to subchronic and chronic intoxication with cyanotoxins, thus special attention should be devoted to the assessment of potential genotoxic effects on these aquatic vertebrates. At present, there is very little data on the CYN effects on fish cells (Gutiérrez‐Praena et al , ; Liebel et al , ; Sieroslawska & Rymuszka, , ) but some results indicate that the toxin is able to generate oxidative stress in these animals (Puerto et al , , ).…”

Toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in European waters – recent progress achieved through the CYANOCOST Action and challenges for further research

“…The latter observation however is disputable N o n -c o m m e r c i a l u s e o n l y as no studies on isolated cultures of this cyanobacterium were performed. Complementary studies have been recently conducted on the toxicity of CYN (Guzmán-Guillén et al, 2015;Sierosławska et al, 2015;), mechanisms of toxicity , biodegradation (Dziga et al, 2016) and biological role and allelopathy (B-Béres et al, 2015). These works have contributed valuable knowledge on these aspects but at the same time have revealed many gaps in understanding of the role(s) of CYN in aquatic ecosystems and its impact on their functioning (Sukenik et al, 2015).…”

Toxic potencies of metabolite(s) of non-cylindrospermopsin producing Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii isolated from temperate zone in human white cells

“…It was previously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that cyanotoxins, such as microcystins, anatoxin-a and CYN, can have immunomodulatory potencies in fish (Bownik et al, 2012;Rymuszka and Adaszek, 2013;Sieroslawska and Rymuszka, 2014). The effects posed by cyanobacterial metabolites may be even greater than they are for humans because cyanotoxins can be continuously released during exponential growth of cyanobacteria or at the time of heavy bloom events Shaw et al, 1999).…”

“…The toxin has been also demonstrated to be potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. It was found to disrupt the function of common carp leucocyte line (Sierosławska and Rymuszka, 2014) and induce oxidative stress in fish after single dose (Gutiérrez-Praena et al, 2011) and subchronic exposures (Guzmán-Guillén et al, 2014). There is evidence that CYN-producing C. raciborskii and pure CYN can be toxic to aquatic invertebrates (Fabbro et al, 2001;Metcalf et al, 2002;Nogueira et al, 2004).…”