Effects of deer bone extract on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and cartilage-related genes in monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats

Abstract

Deer bone extract has the potential to relieve the discomfort or the articular cartilaginous damage associated with osteoarthritic (OA) and may be useful as a natural supplement for OA treatment without serious side effects. We analyzed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and cartilage-related genes in monosodium iodoacetate-induced OA rats. Increases in the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly inhibited by the administration of deer bone extract (p < 0.05). Decreases in the expression of collagen type II (COL2) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) mRNAs in the cartilage were significantly inhibited by deer bone extract treatment (p < 0.05). The deer bone extract significantly suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) mRNAs in the cartilage. The deer bone extract induced the up-regulation of COL2 and TIMP mRNAs and the down-regulation of MMP mRNAs by suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs.

Deer Bone Oil Extract Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW264.7 Cells

“…Numerous studies have been performed on the pharmacological effects of deer bone and antler, [11][12][13][14] but most studies were executed using water extraction of deer bone, which produces a large amount of oil remnants that are not well studied. Here, we examined the biological effects of oil fractions from deer bone extraction and performed compositional analysis of the lipids.…”

“…These data are supported by other studies showing improvement of inflammation conditions with suppression of inflammatory cytokines. 13,34,35) In addition, a recent study reported that deer bone extract activated macrophages to alleviate neutropenia, which is characterized by a low neutrophil number and an increased level of cytokines (IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in mouse neutropenia model system). 36) Collectively, deer bone-derived samples seem to have beneficial effects on inflammation, as shown in our study.…”

“…Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with high glucose were purchased from Welgene Preparation and Analysis of Deer Bone Oil Extract Deer bone (Cervus elaphus) from adult male New Zealand elks (2 to 4 years old) was provided from Nongshim Co. (Seoul, Korea). The extraction procedure was performed as described by Lee et al 13) In brief, the deer bone was extracted two times with 6-fold distilled water (w/w) at 95-100°C for 4 h, cooked under pressure (120°C for 3 h, 15 psi), and then cooled. The lipid layer of the deer bone extract was obtained with an oil/water separator.…”

“…11) Water extracts of deer bone or antler have various biological effects, including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-amnesic activities. [11][12][13][14] However, studies on the biological effects of these deer bone-derived lipids have not yet been investigated. Components of deer bone water extracts include uronic acids and sialic acid as well as components related to protection of cartilage, such as glucosamine, calcium, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen hydrolysate.…”

“…Components of deer bone water extracts include uronic acids and sialic acid as well as components related to protection of cartilage, such as glucosamine, calcium, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen hydrolysate. 13,15) Deer antler is also rich in a large number of lipid components, including neutral lipids, glycolipids, ganglioside, and phospholipids. [15][16][17][18] In particular, pantocrine, an alcoholic extract of the lipid fraction from deer antler, has been used as a supplementary tonic agent for the enhancement of testosterone and growth factors in the body.…”