Effects of dietary L-carnitine and fat type on the performance, milk composition and immunoglobulin in sows, and immunological variables of sows and piglets during late gestation and lactation

Chen

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

et al. 2018

As the only nutritional source for newborn piglets, porcine colostrum and milk contain critical nutritional and immunological components including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (immunoglobulins). However, porcine milk composition is more complex than these three components. Recently, scientists identified additional and novel components of sow colostrum and milk, including exosomes, oligosaccharides, and bacteria, which possibly act as biological signals and modulate the intestinal environment and immune status in piglets and later in life. Evaluation of these nutritional and non-nutritional components in porcine milk will help better understand the nutritional and biological function of porcine colostrum and milk. Furthermore, some important functions of the porcine mammary gland have been reported in recent published literature. These preliminary studies hypothesized how glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are transported from maternal blood to the porcine mammary gland for milk synthesis. Therefore, we summarized recent reports on sow milk composition and porcine mammary gland function in this review, with particular emphasis on macronutrient transfer and synthesis mechanisms, which might offer a possible approach for regulation of milk synthesis in the future.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0291-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Section: Composition Of Protein Fat and Lactose In Sow Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress of porcine milk components and mammary gland function

Chen

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

et al. 2018

“…This finding was in accordance with those of Mahmoud et al [31], who found that the diets supplemented with LC decrease the malondialdehyde level and increase catalase activity in hepatic tissue, breast, and thigh muscles, especially with the higher dose (600 mg/kg) in growing Japanese quail. Tian et al [45] concluded that the LC has an exogenous anti-oxidant property by preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species, scavenging free radicals, and protecting cells from peroxidative stress. The present results were similar to that demonstrated by Mohammadi et al [46] and Wang et al [47].…”

Section: Antioxidant Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the positive effect of calf thymus extract on humoral and cellular immunity may be attributed to increasing lymphocyte cells % [49]. The effect of LC can be linked to its potential to induce immunomodulatory effects, since supplementation boosts protective immunity after vaccination by increasing neutrophil and macrophage activity [45]. Cakir and Yalcin [50] found a putative positive effect of LC on humoral immunity of broilers receiving low energy diets.…”

Section: Phagocytic Activity % and Phagocytic Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of L-Carnitine and/or Calf Thymus Gland Extract Supplementation on Immunity, Antioxidant, Duodenal Histomorphometric, Growth, and Economic Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Abu-Alya

Alharbi

Abdel-Rahman

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation (of drinking water) effects of L-Carnitine (LC) and/or calf thymus extract (TE) on immunity, antioxidant, duodenal histomorphometric, growth, and economic performance of Japanese quail. Six hundred, one day old unsexed quail were divided into four groups, the control group (G1) received plain drinking water, while G2, G3, and G4 were supplemented with LC and/or TE, respectively. The treated groups recorded a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, phagocytic activity %, phagocytic index, lymphocytes %, and plasma glutathione level compared to the G1. On the other hand, these supplementations significantly lower the mortality rate %, heterophil %, H/L ratio and plasma malondialdehyde level of the supplemented groups relative to G1. The supplemented groups recorded a non-significant increase in duodenal histomorphometric parameters (villous height, villous width, surface area, and crypt depth) relative to G1. Generally, LC and/or TE improve the values of economic profile (total returns, net profit, total return/total costs %, etc.) in treated groups compared to the control one. In conclusion, L-carnitine supplementation was more effective than TE or their combination with TE in the immunological, anti-oxidative, growth, and economic performance.

Novel advances in understanding fatty acid–binding G protein–coupled receptors and their roles in controlling energy balance

Tian

Heng

et al. 2021

Nutrition Reviews

Diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases have been recognized as the main factors that endanger human health worldwide. Most of these metabolic syndromes develop when the energy balance in the body is disrupted. Energy balance depends upon the systemic regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Fatty acid–binding G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues and cells involved in energy homeostasis regulation. In this review, the distribution and biological functions of fatty acid–binding GPCRs are summarized, particularly with respect to the gut, pancreas, and adipose tissue. A systematic understanding of the physiological functions of the fatty acid–binding GPCRs involved in energy homeostasis regulation will help in identifying novel pharmacological targets for metabolic diseases.