1997
DOI: 10.1123/tsp.11.3.277
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Effects of Different Types of Goals on Processes That Support Performance

Abstract: Empirical studies attesting to the effectiveness of goal setting in sport have been plagued by equivocation. Inconsistencies may relate to task/goal complexity and the types of goals that participants are asked to use (Hardy, Jones, & Gould, 1996). This study addresses the second of these issues by examining the relative efficacy of two types of goal-setting training program that differ according to their primary focus. Thirty-seven club golfers completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 on three … Show more

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Cited by 84 publications
(60 citation statements)
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“…We did find consistent support for the relative efficacy of holistic process goals over part process goals in the high anxiety test condition in all three experi-ments, supporting the suggestions made by Hardy, Mullen, and Jones (1996) and Kingston and Hardy (1997). Our results are also in line with Gucciardi and Dimmock's (2008) finding that global swing thoughts are more effective than using explicit cues to guide performance.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 81%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…We did find consistent support for the relative efficacy of holistic process goals over part process goals in the high anxiety test condition in all three experi-ments, supporting the suggestions made by Hardy, Mullen, and Jones (1996) and Kingston and Hardy (1997). Our results are also in line with Gucciardi and Dimmock's (2008) finding that global swing thoughts are more effective than using explicit cues to guide performance.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 81%
“…Despite the initial support for process goals, several researchers have noted the apparent paradox between these positive effects and, for experts who are anxious, the potentially negative effects of an explicit focus upon task-relevant aspects of a skill (Hardy, Mullen, & Jones, 1996;Kingston & Hardy, 1997). Specifically, the CPH predicts that focusing on part of a movement using process goals that are underpinned by explicit knowledge may disrupt the normal automatic task processing of experts, leading to lapses into conscious control and subsequent performance impairment.…”
Section: Abstract: Anxiety Goal Setting Attentionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Otros estudios que han demostrado la efectividad del establecimiento de metas han sido los realizados por Kingston y Hardy (1997), quienes concluyeron que las metas de realización tenían efectos positivos en la auto-eficacia, ansiedad cognitiva y auto-confianza en un grupo de jugadores de golf. Filby, Maynard y Graydon (1999), concluyeron que la combinación de los tres tipos de meta (resultado, realización y rendimiento) provocaba resultados más satisfactorios que el empleo de una de ellas únicamente.…”
Section: La Efectividad De Las Metasunclassified
“…na melhoria do rendimento individual e colectivo das equipas, ajustando-se estes resultados aos de outros estudos sobre a aplicação da F.O. em contextos desportivos (Costa, 1996, 1998Kingston & Hardy, 1997;Kyllo & Landers, 1995;Porém, Almeida & Cruz, 2001;Swain & Jones, 1995).…”
Section: Discussão E Conclusõesunclassified