Effects of Expectations on the Performance of Hand Grip after Viewing Selected Hues

Ingram, Freddy; Lieberman, Lewis R.

doi:10.2466/pms.1985.61.2.370

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This research has also failed to yield any consistent effects. Although a few studies have found worse performance under pink conditions Pellegrini, Schauss, & Birk, 1980), most have not (Gilliam, 1991;Gilliam & Unruh, 1988;Green et al, 1982;Ingram & Lieberman, 1985;Pellegrini, Schauss, Kerr, & Ah You, 1981;Profusek & Rainey, 1987).…”

Section: Empirical Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment.

Elliot¹,

Maier²,

Moller³

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

554

564

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This research focuses on the relation between color and psychological functioning, specifically, that between red and performance attainment. Red is hypothesized to impair performance on achievement tasks, because red is associated with the danger of failure in achievement contexts and evokes avoidance motivation. Four experiments demonstrate that the brief perception of red prior to an important test (e.g., an IQ test) impairs performance, and this effect appears to take place outside of participants' conscious awareness. Two further experiments establish the link between red and avoidance motivation as indicated by behavioral (i.e., task choice) and psychophysiological (i.e., cortical activation) measures. The findings suggest that care must be taken in how red is used in achievement contexts and illustrate how color can act as a subtle environmental cue that has important influences on behavior.

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Section: Empirical Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment.

Elliot¹,

Maier²,

Moller³

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

554

564

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“… and ). However, several studies failed to replicate negative effects of pink on grip strength compared to blue, white, or other hues . A reduction of aggression in a pink prison cell was reported by two studies, whereas a recent experiment found no evidence for such an effect …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, several studies failed to replicate negative effects of pink on grip strength compared to blue, white, or other hues. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] A reduction of aggression in a pink prison cell was reported by two studies, 13,14 whereas a recent experiment found no evidence for such an effect. 15 The current study is concerned with the claim that ambient color can significantly alter cognitive performance and the emotional state of the observer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive performance and emotion are indifferent to ambient color

Castell

Stelzmann

Oberfeld

et al. 2017

Color Research & Application

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Folklore has it that ambient color has the power to relax or arouse the observer and enhance performance when executing cognitive tasks. We picked a number of commercially available colors that allegedly have the power to alter cognitive performance and the emotional state, and exposed subjects to them while solving a battery of cognitive tasks. The colors were "Cool Down Pink", which is said to produce relaxing effects and reduce effort, "Energy Red", allegedly enhancing performance via increased arousal, "Relaxing Blue", which is said to enhance attention and concentration, as well as white as a control. In a between-subjects design, a total of 170 high school students carried out five tasks (number series completion, mental rotation, and memory for word categories, word pairs, and geometrical figures) while exposed to one of the four colors. The emotional state of the subjects was measured before the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The ambient colors did not have the predicted effects, neither on cognitive performance nor on the emotional state of the participants. K E Y W O R D SBaker-Miller Pink, cognitive performance, color, emotion, interior design Color Res Appl. 2018;43:65-74. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/col V C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | 65

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“…About a dozen experiments have been published in which red and one of these comparison colors has been presented via printed paper, projected light, a painted wall, a participant number or jersey, or a computer screen; strength has typically been assessed by maximum handgrip force, but occasionally by maximum leg extension force. Both betweenand within-subjects designs have been used with sample sizes ranging from 14 (Hasson, Williams, Gadberry, & Henrich, 1989) to 48 (Ingram & Lieberman, 1985) total participants. Some experiments have found support for the premise that viewing red is linked to enhanced strength relative to blue or green (Dreiskaemper et al, 2013;Elliot & Aarts, 2011;Green et al, 1982;Hasson et al, 1989;O'Connell, Harper, & McAndrew, 1985), but other studies have found no support (Crane, Hensarling, Jung, Sands, & Petrella, 2008;Ingram & Lieberman, 1985;Payen et al, 2011;Rezaeian, Motealleh, & Etemadi, 2015) or mixed support (Dunwoody, 1998).…”

Section: Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subsequent (20th Century) and Contemporary (21st Century) Emmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historically Based Review of Empirical Work on Color and Psychological Functioning: Content, Methods, and Recommendations for Future Research

Elliot

2018

Review of General Psychology

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Empirical work on color and psychological functioning has a long history, dating back to the 19th century. This early research focused on five different areas: Arousal, physical strength, preference, time perception, and attention. In the present paper, I overview the relations observed in this early research, and detail methodological weaknesses therein. I then trace subsequent 20th and 21st century developments in these research areas, in terms of both content and methods. Finally, I extend the review to cover the full breadth of research in this domain of inquiry, and provide guidelines for interpreting existing work and conducting future work. Thus, this historically based review tells us much about research on color and psychological functioning, including where it started, where it has been, where it is, and where it can go.

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Effects of Expectations on the Performance of Hand Grip after Viewing Selected Hues

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment.

Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment.

Cognitive performance and emotion are indifferent to ambient color

A Historically Based Review of Empirical Work on Color and Psychological Functioning: Content, Methods, and Recommendations for Future Research

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