Effects of Fertilizer N and Soil Moisture on Growth, N Content, and Moisture Use by Spring Wheat

Campbell, C. A.; Nicholaichuk, W.; Davidson, H.; Cameron, Dale R.

doi:10.4141/cjss77-035

Cited by 132 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In wheat, plants developed slowly but maintained vigorous root growth until later in the growing season. In some earlier studies with spring wheat, root mass reached its maximum at boot stage and then decreased from anthesis to maturity (Campbell et al 1977;Campbell and De Jong 2001). Similar results have also been reported for winter wheat (Wellbank et al 1974;Gregory et al 1978).…”

Section: Root Biomass and Dstributionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…There are considerable root data related to cereal crops (Bolinder et al 1997;Niu et al 2004;Caires et al 2008;Jordan-Meille and Pellerin 2008), especially some of the studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s (Wellbank et al 1974;Campbell et al 1977;Gregory et al 1978;Buyanovsky and Wagner 1986). However, very limited literature exists in which extensive measurements of roots have been taken for oilseed and pulse crops under field conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, crop roots are very difficult to measure, and thus research on roots has lagged behind that on above-ground (AG) biomass. In the literature, there are many studies documenting root characteristics of field crops, but the vast majority of these studies have considered cereals (Campbell et al 1977;Bolinder et al 1997;Niu et al 2004;Caires et al 2008;Jordan-Meille and Pellerin 2008). To date, there are no detailed studies reporting root growth and biomass distribution profile in soil for oilseeds or pulses.…”

Section: Mots Clé Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Root mass for oilseed and pulse crops: Growth and distribution in the soil profile

Gan¹,

Campbell²,

Janzen³

et al. 2009

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 2009. Root mass for oilseed and pulse crops: Growth and distribution in the soil profile. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: 883Á893. Crop roots transport water and nutrients to the plants, produce nutrients when they decompose in soil, and provide organic C to facilitate the process of C sequestration in the soil. Many studies on these subjects have been published for cereal crops, but little is known for oilseed and pulse crops. This study was conducted at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, in 2006 and 2007 to characterize the root growth and distribution profile in soil for selected oilseed and pulse crops. Three oilseed [canola (Brassica napus L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)], three pulse crops [chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)], and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in 100 cm deep )15 cm diameter lysimeters pushed into a silt loam soil. Crops were studied under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Lysimeters were removed from the field and sampled for above-ground (AG) and root mass at different depths at five growth stages. Root mass was highest for canola (1470 kg ha(1 ) and wheat (1311 kg ha ). The root mass of oilseeds and pulses reached a maximum between late-flowering and late-pod stages and then decreased to maturity, while wheat root mass decreased to maturity after reaching a maximum at boot stage. On average, about 77 to 85% of the root mass was located in the 0 (40 cm depth. Canola, mustard, and wheat rooted to 100 cm, while the pulses and flax had only 4 to 7% of the root mass beyond the 60 cm depth. Irrigation only increased root mass in the 0Á20 cm depth. Roots developed more rapidly than AG biomass initially, but the ratio of root biomass to AG biomass decreased with plant maturity. At maturity, the ratio of root biomass to AG biomass was 0.11 for dry pea, and between 0.20 and 0.22 for the other crops tested. Our findings on rooting depths and root mass distribution in the soil profile should be useful for modelling water and nutrient uptake by crops, estimating C inputs into soil from roots, and developing diverse cropping systems with cereals, oilseeds and pulses for semiarid environments. Les cultures ont e´te´e´tudie´es sous re´gime pluvial et sous irrigation. Les lysime`tres ont e´te´retire´s du champ, puis on les a e´chantillonne´s afin de mesurer la masse des organes ae´riens et celle des racines a`diverses profondeurs, a`cinq stades de croissance. Ce sont le canola et le ble´qui enregistrent la plus forte masse racinaire (1 470 kg et 1 311 kg par hectare, respectivement). Suivent la moutarde (893 kg par hectare) et le pois chiche (848 kg par hectare), le pois et le lin arrivant bon derniers (524 kg et 440 kg par hectare, respectivement). La masse racinaire des ole´agineux et des le´gumineuses atteint un maximum entre la fin de la floraison et la fin de la production des gousses. Ensuite, elle diminue jusqu'a`ce que la plante parvienne a`maturite´. En revanche, la masse racinaire du ble´commence a`diminu...

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Section: Root Biomass and Dstributionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mots Clé Smentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Root mass for oilseed and pulse crops: Growth and distribution in the soil profile

Gan¹,

Campbell²,

Janzen³

et al. 2009

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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“…We estimated the potential C input from crop residues by assuming the root/straw ratio for wheat and CWG was 0.59 (Campbell et al 1977) and the C concentration of tissues was 45% (Millar et al 1936).…”

Section: Campbell Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying carbon sequestration in a minimum tillage crop rotation study in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan

Campbell¹,

VandenBygaart²,

Zentner³

et al. 2007

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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. Quantifying carbon sequestration in a minimum tillage crop rotation study in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci. 87: 235-250. Scientists and the agricultural community require methods of quantifying C sequestration in soils. This is important in assessing the impact of crop management practices on emission of greenhouse gases and for "C trading". Using simulation models may be a more effective method of quantification as compared with in situ measurements. A 17-yr crop rotation experiment being conducted on a medium-textured Orthic Brown Chernozem at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, in which soil organic C (SOC) was being monitored periodically, was used to assess the effect on C sequestration of cropping frequency, wheat class, legume green manure (LGM), flexible cropping based on available water, and regrassing of crop land. Prior to the study, the experimental site had been cropped to fallow-wheat (F-W) for the previous 60 yr. Crop management in this experiment involved minimum tillage, snow trapping, and N + P fertilization based on soil tests. Three models [Century, the Introductory C Balance model (ICBM), and the Campbell model] were tested for their effectiveness in simulating SOC trends. Because growing season precipitation was average to above average, yields, and thus C inputs from residue, were also above average, and consequently SOC increased in most systems for the first 10 yr before reaching a new steady state. SOC gains (kg ha -1 yr -1 ) in the 0-to 15-cm depth in 17 yr were directly proportional to cropping frequency (F-W-W = 135, F-W-W-W = 332, and Cont W = 441);LGM-W-W gained SOC at a much higher rate than F-W-W (329 vs. 135 kg ha -1 yr -1 ); Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), although it yielded 26% less than Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) wheat, gained SOC at a higher rate than CPS wheat (135 vs. 0 kg ha -1 yr -1 ). Further, 2 yr of conventionally-tilled fallow in 17 yr (flexible system) markedly suppressed SOC gain by 46% compared with Cont W (441 vs. 236 kg ha -1 yr -1 ). There was a 282 kg ha -1 yr -1 gain in SOC under crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.) (CWG) but most of this gain occurred in the last 7 yr. Though having their inherent weaknesses, the ICBM and Campbell models performed equally well in simulating SOC trends (r 2 = 0.55 ** ), but Century was less effective (r 2 = 0.21 * ), in part because of its limited ability to simulate yields. Because C input, and thus yield, is one of the main factors influencing SOC gains, and since measured yields are used in the ICBM and Campbell models, while simulated yields are used by Century, the ICBM and Campbell models have an advantage over the Century model in this comparison. Efficiencies of conversion of input C to SOC increased with cropping frequency, and were higher for LGM-W-W than for F-W-W, and for systems with CWRS wheat rather than CPS wheat. Efficiency of conversion was 8% for F-W-W, 15% for LGM-W-W and 21% for Cont W.Key words: ICBM model, Century model, Campbell model, C sequest...

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“…A measure of growing season moisture status has been found useful in analysis of fertilizer investigations (Heapy et al 1976) since moisture availability influences yield response to applied N (Heapy et al 1976;Campbell et a\. 1977:.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Yield response of semidwarf and conventional height barley cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer under varying moisture conditions

Grant¹,

Gauer²,

Bailey³

et al. 1991

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Effects of Fertilizer N and Soil Moisture on Growth, N Content, and Moisture Use by Spring Wheat

Cited by 132 publications

References 11 publications

Root mass for oilseed and pulse crops: Growth and distribution in the soil profile

Root mass for oilseed and pulse crops: Growth and distribution in the soil profile

Quantifying carbon sequestration in a minimum tillage crop rotation study in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan

Yield response of semidwarf and conventional height barley cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer under varying moisture conditions

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