Effects of ginsenosides on maze performance and brain choline acetyltransferase activity in scopolamine-treated young rats and aged rats

Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes.

“…Most pharmacological actions of ginseng, however, are attributed to the involvement of ginsenosides, of which there are 3 classes: 20(S)-protopanaxadiols, 20(S)-protopanaxatriols, and oleanic acid-ginsenoside (10). Recent studies have shown that total ginsenosides and the most common protopanaxadiol, Rb 1 , and protopanaxatriol, Rg 1 , all of which were measured in the present study, affect the cholinergic, dopaminergic, and adrenergic systems in rodents (35)(36)(37). Total ginsenosides have also been shown to modulate nitric oxide synthesis, the enhancement of which has been linked to ginseng' s effects (38).…”

Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates okadaic acid induced spatial memory impairment by the GSK3β/tau signaling pathway and the Aβ formation prevention in rats

“…injection of OKA (200 ng) induced the impairment of spatial working and reference memory, which was consistent with the previous studies. Ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to ameliorate the cognitive deficit in different animal models such as chronic morphine administrated rats, dementia-like mice induced by aggregated Aβ 25-35 and scopolamine treated aged rats (Qi et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2001;Yamaguchi et al, 1997). It also has been indicated that Rg1 can play the role of anti-apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of p-tau in OKA-induced rat brain slices (Li et al, 2010a;Li et al, 2010b).…”

Determination of the Effectiveness of Components of the Herbal Medicine Toki-Shakuyaku-San and Fractions of Angelica acutiloba in Improving the Scopolamine-Induced Impairment of Rat’s Spatial Cognition in Eight-Armed Radial Maze Test

“…The effect of scopolamine on the memory is possibly a central type because the peripherally acting anticholinergic methylscopolamine can prolong the running time without affecting the choice accuracy in the radial maze task (17) and elevated plus-maze test (18). The scopolamine-induced performance impairment is related to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blockade, but not to choline acetyltransferase activity (19). However, the scopolamine-induced memory disruption could also involve other mechanisms as noncholinergic drugs like low dose of amantadine and L-threo-DOPS (noradrenergic enhancer) improve the spatial memory disrupted by scopolamine (20).…”