Effects of Herbicides on the Microbial Community and Urease Activity in the Rhizosphere Soil of Maize at Maturity Stage

Abstract

Studying the effects of herbicides on microbial community and urease activity in the rhizosphere soil of maize is helpful to clarify the mechanisms herbicides used to affect soil microbial environment. In this research, four common preemergence maize specific herbicides, nicosulfuron+atrazine (A1), alachlor+acetochlor+atrazine (A2), propisochlor+atrazine (A3), and acetochlor+atrazine (A4), were selected to use in a pot trial. A preemergence herbicide nonspecific for maize, dinitraniline (A0), was used as the positive control, whereas water instead of herbicide was considered as the negative control (CK). At the maturity stage, the microbial communities and urease activity in the 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm rhizosphere soils of maize were analyzed. Results showed that A0 dramatically suppressed maize growth, with no grain got finally, while A1 displayed the weakest effect. The tested herbicides affected the microbial community in the 0-20 cm layer greater than in the 20-60 cm ones, with A1 displaying the greatest effect. In the 0-20 cm soil, A1 largely reduced the relative abundance of the top three dominant genera, Prevotella, Barnesiella, and Lactobacillus in the CK soil, by 99.0%, 98.7%, and 79.2%, and made Pseudomonas, Gemmatimonas, and Sphingomonas became the new dominant genera, while A2 and A3 displayed similar but slighter effects. All herbicides dramatically reduced the relative abundance of the top one dominant fungal phylum (Ascomycota) and genus (Diatrype) in the CK soil, from 45% to 5.2%-7.9% and 42% to 2.1%-3.2%. A0 dramatically dropped the urease activity in the 0-60 cm soils, by 30.5%-33.1%, whereas A1-A4 displayed an unsignificant effect. In conclusion, A1 is a suitable herbicide for maize. Both the bacterial community and urease activity in the 0-20 cm rhizosphere soil are suitable indices to evaluate the effects of preemergence herbicides on maize growth and soil microbial environment.

Assessment of Bango River Water Quality on Different Land Uses

“…Hal tersebut dapat diakibatkan penggunaan pestisida dan bahan kimia agrikultur lainnya. Penelitian oleh J. Chen et.al., [18] menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pestisida dan bahan kimia dapat mengganggu keseimbangan mikroorganisme dalam tanah yang berperan untuk menjaga stabilitas nilai ORP. Selain ORP, hasil perhitungan korelasi menunjukkan aktivitas agrikultur secara signifikan berhubungan secara positif dengan pH (koefisien korelasi 0.88).…”

Impact of Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens ZF1 on the soil enzyme activity and microbial community during the bioremediation of atrazine-contaminated soils

“…The urease activity was analyzed by the indigo colorimetry method [ 16 ]. 0.25 g of soil sample and 125 μL toluene was taken in a tube, placed at room temperature for 15 minutes after mixing.…”

“…Soil enzymes, which are closely associated with soil quality and nutrient circulation, are important components of the soil ecosystem [ 16 ]. Enzyme activities are considered to be sensitive to pollutants (such as heavy metals, pesticides, and crude oil, etc.…”

Herbicide Applications Reduce Gaseous N Losses: A Field Study of Three Consecutive Wheat–Maize Rotation Cycles in the North China Plain

“…Narain Rai [21] reported that fungal, bacterial, and actinomycete populations, as well as urease activity, were reduced by 2,4-D treatment. Chen [22] studied the nonspecific maize herbicide dinitraniline, which dramatically decreased urease activity in the 0-60 cm soil layer by 30.5-33.1%. Therefore, we hypothesize that the application of herbicides can reduce ammonia volatilization by inhibiting urease activity.…”