Effects of high fluoride content in livestock drinking water on milk samples of different cattle in endemic area of Pakistan: risk assessment for children

Abstract

Fluoride in trace quantity is beneficial for human beings, serving to strengthen the apatite matrix of skeletal tissues and teeth, whereas high intake causes adverse impacts. In the present study, the effect of fluoride-contaminated drinking water of livestock on the milk samples of different cattle, belonging to a fluoride-endemic area (Tharparkar, Pakistan), was studied. In milk samples of different cattle (cows, camels, sheep, and goats), free and bound fluoride forms and its total (free (F) + bound (F)) contents were measured by ion-selective electrode. The concentration of fluoride in drinking water of livestock was also analyzed, as found in the range of 11.8-33.5 mg/L. The concentration of total fluoride in the milk samples of sheep, goats, cows, and camels were observed in the range of 1.72-2.43, 1.40-2.03, 0.835-1.41, and 0.425-0.897 mg/L, respectively. The resulted data indicated that the concentration of fluoride was higher in the milk samples of smaller cattle (sheep and goat), as compared to cow and camel. The fluoride in milk samples of all cattle appeared dominantly in free form. The percentage values of bound fluoride in the milk samples of sheep, goats, and cows were found to be 6.76, 11.6, and 19.7% in total, respectively, while in camel milk, the percentage was below the detection limit. The estimated daily intake of fluoride contents on consuming different types of milk by children age ranged 1.0 to 3.0 years was evaluated. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Factors associated with dental fluorosis in three zones of Ecuador

“…Study results reflect the presence of dental fluorosis in grade 2 TF as the most frequent, which agreed with previous studies carried out in other countries (19,20). In tap water, the percentage of fluorine refers values between 0.7 to 1.5 ppm, which are recommended as an international standard by the World Health Organization (WHO) (21).…”

Fluoride in Human Health and Nutrition

“…206,207 High concentration of fluoride in pasture or drinking water of livestock might however contribute to fluoride levels in milk of different cattle. [208][209][210] Reported fluoride concentrations in soya milk varied between 0.01 and 0.964 mg/l. [211][212][213] Fluoride concentrations in breast milk are generally low even at very high intakes of fluoride by mothers.…”

The effects of geochemical processes on groundwater chemistry and the health risks associated with fluoride intake in a semi-arid region of South India

“…15,23,24 Several parts of India, Iraq, Libya, Turkey, China, Sri Lanka, USA, Pakistan, Iran, East Africa's Ri Valley, Scandinavia and Canada have uoride-enriched water. [25][26][27][28][29][30] About 66 million people in India living in 250 common pathways (intake and dermal) as per the USEPA health risk model. 18,22,[37][38][39] The present study was carried out to (i) identify the major geochemical processes and anthropogenic sources of F À from hydrogeochemical parameters, (ii) delineate uoridevulnerable zones using spatial distribution maps, (iii) rank the groundwater quality for drinking utilities using the entropy water quality index (EWQI) and (iv) assess the human health risk of uoride-enriched groundwater from oral and dermal intake pathways in seven age groups (i.e., 5-12 months, 5-13 years, 14-16 years, 17-20 years, 21-23 years, $23 years and >65 years) in a semi-arid part of South India, with the principal objective of effective water utilization and groundwater protection.…”

“…15,23,24 Several parts of India, Iraq, Libya, Turkey, China, Sri Lanka, USA, Pakistan, Iran, East Africa's Ri Valley, Scandinavia and Canada have uoride-enriched water. [25][26][27][28][29][30] About 66 million people in India living in 250 districts are at risk of endemic uorosis and 25 million of them (mostly <18 years) have dental uorosis. 31 The improved water quality index (IWQI) or the EWQI, which includes the entropyweighted value, have been used by various researchers to quantify the uoride concentration in groundwater water [32][33][34][35] and to rank and classify water quality 36 using the entropy TOPSIS method.…”