Effects of High-Speed Power Training on Neuromuscular and Gait Functions in Frail Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment Despite Blunted Executive Functions: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background: Physical frailty and impaired executive function of the brain show similar pathophysiology. Both of these factors lead to dysfunction of neuromuscular and abilities in elderly. High-speed power training (HSPT) has been determined to have positive effects on neuromuscular function and gait performance, as well as executive function in the elderly. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week HSPT on neuromuscular, gait and executive functions in frail elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Design, setting and participants: We performed a randomized controlled trial of frail elderly from community and medical center in republic of Korea. Forty-two physically frail elderly with MCI were randomly allocated to control (n=22, age=74.22±4.46) and intervention groups (n=18, age=73.77±4.64). The intervention group was subjected to HSPT, 3 times weekly for 8 weeks. Measurements: Isometric contraction of knee extension and flexion with electromyography (EMG) was measured to determine the neuromuscular function such as knee extensor strength, rate of torque development, movement time, pre-motor time, motor time, rate of EMG rise, and hamstrings antagonist co-activation. Additionally, the 4.44-meter gait and timed up-and-go (TUG) test were administered to assess gait performance. A frontal assessment battery was measured in this study. Results: The 8-week HSPT regimen improved the knee extensor strength from 1.13±0.08 to 1.25±0.07 (p<0.05), the 200-ms RTD from 3.01±0.3 to 3.55±0.24 (p<0.05) and the rate of EMG rise from 166.48±13.31 to 197.94±11.51 (p<0.05), whereas the movement time and motor time were statistically decreased from 921.69±40.10 to 799.51±72.84, and 271.40±19.29 to 181.15±38.08 (p<0.05), respectively. The 4.44-m gait speed and TUG significantly decreased from 6.39±0.25 to 5.5±0.24, and 11.05±0.53 to 9.17±0.43 respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the favorable effects of 8-week HSPT on the neuromuscular function and the gait performance in the frail elderly with MCI without increase in the executive function.

The effects of interventions to enhance cognitive and physical functions in older people with cognitive frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…One study (11.1%) focused on brisk walking [ 20 ] with one study focused on cycling (11.1%) [ 41 ]. High-speed power exercise training was used in one study (11.1%) [ 21 ].…”

“…Two types of intervention providers were used in the included studies. Six studies (66.7%) [ 21 , 23 – 25 , 39 , 40 ] used exercise specialists, such as a physiotherapist. Two studies featured non-specialist interventionists (22.2%) [ 20 , 41 ], and one study failed to provide details of the interventionist [ 22 ].…”

“…The preliminary evidence has shown that physical activity, changes in behaviour, health and social care provision, cognitive training, and nutrition interventions produced positive effects on cognitive frailty [20][21][22][23][24][25]; however, the effects between studies have been inconclusive. Several dietary components and patterns [26] and physical function [27] were found to have a strong association with cognitive frailty.…”

Literature Review: Pengaruh Resistance Exercise Dengan Elastic Band Untuk Ekstremitas Bawah Terhadap Walking Speed Pada Lanjut Usia

“…Pemeriksa akan mengukur jumlah langkah dan waktu yang dibutuhkan peserta untuk berjalan 10 meter. (Naomi Katayama et al, 2019 Yoon et al, 2018, Dong Hyun Yoon et al, 2017, Lans et al, 2018, Chen et al, 2019, Lee et al, 2020, yang terdapat dalam tabel dapat di simpulkan bahwa Resistance exercise dengan menggunakan Elastic Band sangat berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan durasi Walking Speed dengan parameter dan jangka waktu yang berbeda. Karena jika menguatkannya kembali dengan faktor kunci memimpin gaya hidup aktif, mengalami kualitas hidup yang baik dan mempertahankan daya tahan otot dapat mengurangi efek buruk dari penuaan pada kapasitas fungsional yang terjadi kelemahan sehingga menghambat kecepatan dalam berjalan dan resiko jatuh yang besar akibat hilangnya progresif massa otot dan fungsi yang terjadi dengan penuaan dikaitkan dengan perubahan struktural dalam otot rangka.…”

“…Sullivan M et al, 1995 yang dikutip oleh Lans et al, 2018), 4,44 Meter Walk dan Time Up and Go Test (TUG) (menurut LP Goreng et al, 2001 dan Podsiadlo D et al, 1991 yang dikutip olehLee et al, 2020), dan Fried Frailty Phenotype (R Chen et al, 2019). …”