Effects of Intranasal Exposure to Spores of <i>Stachybotrys atra</i> in Mice

Nikulin, Marjo; Reijula, Kari; Jarvis, Bruce B.; Veijalainen, P.; Hintikka, Eeva-Liisa

doi:10.1093/toxsci/35.2.182

Cited by 72 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It has also been reported that apoptosis is involved in the deaths of S. chartarum toxin-induced mouse alveolar macrophages, manifested as DNA damage and an oxidative stress response (29,58). In addition, data from mouse models indicates that the mycotoxins can cause lung injury that is associated with massive inflammation and cell death (36,50). Furthermore, our results show that the activation of caspase-3 induced by satratoxin positive S. chartarum was further enhanced by the costimulation of LPS (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…They were grown on rice flour agar as previously described (35,36). When grown on rice agar, S. chartarum strain 29 is not capable of satratoxin production (only minor amounts of stachybotrylactam and stachybotrytlactone are produced, Ͻ1 ng per 10 5 spores), whereas strain 72 produces satratoxin G and H, stachybotrylactone, and stachybotrylactam in the respective amounts of 4 ng, 10 ng, 8 g, and 2 g per 10 5 spores.…”

Section: Microbe Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trichothecene Mycotoxins Activate Inflammatory Response in Human Macrophages

Kankkunen

Rintahaka

Aalto

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Damp building-related illnesses have caused concern for years in many countries. Although the problem is extensive, the knowledge of the immunological reactions behind damp building-related illnesses is still quite limited. Trichothecene mycotoxins form one major group of toxins, which possibly contribute to the illnesses. Stachybotrys chartarum is a well-known, but also controversial damp building mold and many strains of this mold are capable of producing trichothecenes. In this report, we have examined the effect of S. chartarum and trichothecene mycotoxins on the proinflammatory cytokine response in human macrophages. As a result, satratoxin-positive S. chartarum activated inflammasome-associated caspase-1, which is needed for proteolytic processing of IL-1β and IL-18. Furthermore, purified trichothecene mycotoxins, roridin A, verrucarin A, and T-2 toxin activated caspase-1, and these mycotoxins also strongly enhanced LPS-dependent secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. The satratoxin-positive strain of S. chartarum and the trichothecenes also triggered the activation of caspase-3, which is an effector caspase of apoptosis. Satratoxin-negative S. chartarum was not able to activate either caspase-1 or caspase-3. In conclusion, our results indicate that human macrophages sense trichothecene mycotoxins as a danger signal, which activates caspase-1, and further enables the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 from the LPS-primed cells.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Microbe Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichothecene Mycotoxins Activate Inflammatory Response in Human Macrophages

Kankkunen

Rintahaka

Aalto

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Strain dependence of the toxicity of Sta. chartarum is well known Jarvis et al 1998;Nikulin et al 1997;Ruotsalainen et al 1998), but the strain dependence seems to apply also for these other fungi. The cytotoxicity of the strains of Sta.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines.

Huttunen¹,

Hyvärinen²,

Nevalainen³

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We compared the inflammatory and cytotoxic responses caused by household mold and bacteria in human and mouse cell lines. We studied the fungi Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium spinulosum, and Stachybotrys chartarum and the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Streptomyces californicus for their cytotoxicity and ability to stimulate the production of inflammatory mediators in mouse RAW264.7 and human 28SC macrophage cell lines and in the human A549 lung epithelial cell line in 24-hr exposure to 10(5), 10(6), and 10(7) microbes/mL. We studied time dependency by terminating the exposure to 10(6) microbes/mL after 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. We analyzed production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins 6 and 1ss (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1ss, respectively) and measured nitric oxide production using the Griess method, expression of inducible NO-synthase with Western Blot analysis, and cytotoxicity with the MTT-test. All bacteria strongly induced the production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and, to a lesser extent, the formation of IL-1ss in mouse macrophages. Only the spores of Str. californicus induced the production of NO and IL-6 in both human and mouse cells. In contrast, exposure to fungal strains did not markedly increase the production of NO or any cytokine in the studied cell lines except for Sta. chartarum, which increased IL-6 production somewhat in human lung epithelial cells. These microbes were less cytotoxic to human cells than to mouse cells. On the basis of equivalent numbers of bacteria and spores of fungi added to cell cultures, the overall potency to stimulate the production of proinflammatory mediators decreased in the order Ps. fluorescens > Str. californicus > B. cereus > Sta. chartarum > A. versicolor > P. spinulosum. These data suggest that bacteria in water-damaged buildings should also be considered as causative agents of adverse inflammatory effects.

show abstract

“…Further support for the proposed mycotoxin etiology of infant pulmonary hemosiderosis comes from animal studies in which mice were treated intranasally with both nontoxic and toxic spores of S. chartarum (26). Severe inflammatory changes, including hemorrhage, were observed in mice receiving toxic spores of this species.…”

Section: Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal spores: hazardous to health?

Sorenson

1999

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fungi have long been known to affect human well being in various ways, including disease of essential crop plants, decay of stored foods with possible concomitant production of mycotoxins, superficial and systemic infection of human tissues, and disease associated with immune stimulation such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis and toxic pneumonitis. The spores of a large number of important fungi are less than 5 microm aerodynamic diameter, and therefore are able to enter the lungs. They also may contain significant amounts of mycotoxins. Diseases associated with inhalation of fungal spores include toxic pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, tremors, chronic fatigue syndrome, kidney failure, and cancer.

show abstract

Effects of Intranasal Exposure to Spores of Stachybotrys atra in Mice

Cited by 72 publications

References 29 publications

Trichothecene Mycotoxins Activate Inflammatory Response in Human Macrophages

Trichothecene Mycotoxins Activate Inflammatory Response in Human Macrophages

Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines.

Fungal spores: hazardous to health?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About