Effects of Mechanical Stress Stimulation on Function and Expression Mechanism of Osteoblasts

Abstract

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts play a major role in bone tissue homeostasis. The homeostasis and integrity of bone tissue are maintained by ensuring a balance between osteoclastic and osteogenic activities. The remodeling of bone tissue is a continuous ongoing process. Osteoclasts mainly play a role in bone resorption, whereas osteoblasts are mainly involved in bone remodeling processes, such as bone cell formation, mineralization, and secretion. These cell types balance and restrict each other to maintain bone tissue metabolism. Bone tissue is very sensitive to mechanical stress stimulation. Unloading and loading of mechanical stress are closely related to the differentiation and formation of osteoclasts and bone resorption function as well as the differentiation and formation of osteoblasts and bone formation function. Consequently, mechanical stress exerts an important influence on the bone microenvironment and bone metabolism. This review focuses on the effects of different forms of mechanical stress stimulation (including gravity, continuously compressive pressure, tensile strain, and fluid shear stress) on osteoclast and osteoblast function and expression mechanism. This article highlights the involvement of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in activating different mechanical transduction pathways and reports changings in their differentiation, formation, and functional mechanism induced by the application of different types of mechanical stress to bone tissue. This review could provide new ideas for further microscopic studies of bone health, disease, and tissue damage reconstruction.

Fluid Shear Stress Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation via AnnexinA6-Mediated Autophagy in MC3T3-E1 Cells

“…However, the expressions of osteogenic differentiation markers were still higher than those of the shAnxA6 group. The possible reasons that may be attributed to that, besides AnxA6, are various other mechanoreceptors, including ion channels, integrins, connexins, G-protein coupled receptors, primary cilia, and cytoskeletons also existing in osteoblasts [ 1 , 40 , 41 , 42 ] and participating in mechanical-stimulus-regulated osteogenesis. Accordingly, AnxA6 is involoved in FSS-induced osteogenic differentiation and may serve as a potential mechanosensitive protein that can directly or synergistically respond to mechanical stimulation.…”

Impact of the host response and osteoblast lineage cells on periodontal disease

“…Healthy bone will adapt or remodel in response to stress, which represents a functional adaptation ( 87 ). Osteocytes sense disuse inactivity and promote bone resorption by regulating osteoclastogenesis and osteoblasts ( 68 , 88 , 89 ). Inactivity reduces Wnt1 expression and increases sclerostin production, which inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway resulting in decreased osteoblast formation and activity.…”

Role of mechano-sensitive non-coding RNAs in bone remodeling of orthodontic tooth movement: recent advances

“…On the cell surface, mechano-receptor proteins sense changes in the external mechanical environment via the phosphorylation-induced conformational changes and convert them into biochemical events within the cell. This results in changes in gene expression in the nucleus, The mechano-receptor can be broadly classified into two groups: proximal mechano-sensors, consisting of integrin, primary cilia, ion channels, and the cytoskeleton, and nuclear envelope proteins [19,20]. Integrins are heterodimers composed of α and β subunits noncovalently bound to sense physical or biochemical stimuli in the ECM by binding to extracellular ligands [21,22] and further, via conformational changes, mediate the transmission of mechanical signals to cells to induce their biological activities.…”

“…Integrins are heterodimers composed of α and β subunits noncovalently bound to sense physical or biochemical stimuli in the ECM by binding to extracellular ligands [21,22] and further, via conformational changes, mediate the transmission of mechanical signals to cells to induce their biological activities. Like integrins, primary cilia are ubiquitous in osteocytes, OBs, and MSCs and respond to mechanical stimulation and induction of coordinated load [20,23,24]. When mechanical stimulus bends the primary cilia, the increased tension on the membrane activates mechano-sensitive ion channels, resulting in the influx of Ca 2+ into the cell, after which cell is mechanically stimulated [24].…”