Effects of natural peptides from food proteins on angiotensin converting enzyme activity and hypertension

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. The underlying pathophysiology is largely contributed by an overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS). Herein, angiotensin II (AngII) is a key mediator not only in blood pressure control and vascular tone regulation, but also involved in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension and congestive heart failure. Since more than three decades suppression of AngII generation by inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or blockade of the AngII-receptor has shown clinical benefit by reducing hypertension, atherosclerosis and other inflammation-associated cardiovascular diseases. Besides pharmaceutical ACE-inhibitors some natural peptides derived from food proteins reduce in vitro ACE activity. Several animal studies and a few human clinical trials have shown antihypertensive effects of such peptides, which might be attractive as food additives to prevent age-related RAAS activation. However, their inhibitory potency on in vitro ACE activity does not always correlate with an antihypertensive impact. While some peptides with high inhibitory activity on ACE-activity in vitro show no antihypertensive effect in vivo, other peptides with only a moderate ACE inhibitory activity in vitro cause such effects. The explanation for this conflicting phenomenon between inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect remains unclear to date. This review shall critically address the effects of natural peptides derived from different food proteins on the cardiovascular system and the possible underlying mechanisms. A central aspect will be to point to conceptual gaps in the current understanding of the action of these peptides with respect to in vivo blood pressure lowering effects.

Two novel ACE inhibitory peptides isolated from longan seeds: purification, inhibitory kinetics and mechanisms

“…6,7 Accordingly, it is essential to develop new ACEIs that will provide safe and effective hypertension treatment and, because of the need for safety, there is growing interest in ACEI peptides that can be derived from food. [8][9][10] Both the food and non-food sectors are taking an increased interest in proteins derived from plant sources. In the food sector, proteins from soy, legumes, and wheat gluten are very appealing, and the agricultural industry is of interest to other sectors who wish to investigate the extraction of proteins from agricultural by-products.…”

“…Summary of the inhibitory activity of ACE, listing the IC 50 values, for crude extract, crude protein, protein hydrolysate, and four different fractions of longan seed protein hydrolysate obtained via pepsin-pancreatin hydrolysis(10,5, and 3 kDa MWCO membranefiltered) a…”

Chicken Protein Hydrolysates Have Anti-Inflammatory Effects on High-Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Mice

“…Small peptides in the range of 2–12 amino acids are believed to cross the intestinal wall undigested and enter the circulation, where they can have a range of activities based on their amino acid composition and structure [13,14]. Natural peptides isolated from a number of food proteins, including plants and marine organisms, have been shown to have antioxidant effects in in vitro tests [15,16,17], and anti-hypertensive effects in mice through inhibition of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) [18]. Protein hydrolysates from both animal- and plant-based sources can have specific effects based on their composition, as they will consist of a mixture of different, potentially bioactive, peptides.…”

Plant-Based Food By-Products: Prospects for Valorisation in Functional Bread Development

“…Enzymatic hydrolysates and peptides extracted from rice bran proteins have been shown to demonstrate significant health effects including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, and mitigating against the action of angiotensin converting enzyme which is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension [38]. However, advances made in the area of bioactive peptides research is in the early phase and have been carried out mostly using in vitro and animal models [40]. More investigations in the form of human clinical trials are warranted to validate the health effects of bioactive peptides [41].…”