Effects of physical and chemical restraint on intravenous glucose tolerance test in crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)

Abstract

The effects of physical and chemical restraint on glucose clearance and insulin secretion were evaluated during intravenous glucose tolerance testing in Mucuca nigru. Conscious monkeys placed in Plexiglas cylindrical restraining devices (CRD) appeared relaxed, but glucose clearance and insulin secretion were impaired. A combination of midazolam with ketamine, compared to ketamine alone, did not cause detectable changes in the intravenous glucose tolerance tests; midazolam also reduced adverse reactions to ketamine and extended the duration of anesthesia. The cylindrical restraining device can be convenient for examining monkeys, but it is limited by its adverse affects on metabolic and hormonal measurements in intravenous glucose-tolerance tests. Chemical restraint using ketamine with midazolam was more effective than ketamine alone.

Effect of physical restraint on glucose tolerance in cynomolgus monkeys

“…In fact, administration of glucocorticoids evokes a similar response induced by restraint stress . A previous report indicated that prolonged restraint with a cylindrical restraining device causes elevations in glucose and cortisol levels in conscious monkeys . In this study, we found that the responses to a glucose challenge are different between chair‐restrained subjects and squeezing device‐restrained subjects, and chair restraint imposes high stress levels to subjects.…”

Common husbandry-related variables in biomedical research with animals

“…Restrained individuals usually struggle, exhibit selfdefensive aggression and often squeal. Physiological reactions to brief enforced restraint include an increased respiration rate (Berendt & Williams 1971), metabolic acidosis (Manning et al 1969), an increased heart rate (Osborne 1973, Line et al 1991, Schnell & Wood 1993a, increased blood pressure (Golub & Anderson 1986, Schnell & Wood 1993a, raised rectal temperature (Bush et al 1977), a rise in SGO-T (serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase) (Cope & Polis 1959) AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) (Landi et al 1990), increased plasma cortisol concentrations (Elvidge et al 1976, Puri et al 1981, Fuller et al 1984, Suzuki et al 2002, 'alarm reaction' re ected in leukocytosis (Ives & Dack 1956, Loomis et al 1980, Goosen et al 1984, increased plasma concentrations of adrenal androgens (Fuller et al 1984), elevation of plasma prolactin (Quadri et al 1978) and glucagon levels (Myers et al 1988), impaired glucose clearance (Yasuda et al 1988) and testosterone release (Puri et al 1981, Hayashi & Moberg 1987, Torii et al 1993, 'baseline' variability in growth hormone levels (Mason et al 1968), and alterations of the electrocorticogram (Bouyer et al 1978). Even after repeated exposure to brief restraint, primates continue to show a pronounced heart rate response, indicating that they do not habituate to this common procedure (Line et al 1991).…”

Successful implementation of cooperative handling eliminates the need for restraint in a complex non‐human primate disease model

“…Limb presentation is by far the most useful behavior in medical management included in this study as it gives the opportunity to physically examine the animal hands‐on in a conscious unrestrained state avoiding restraint‐induced laboratory anomalies [6, 26, 51], collect samples (e.g., blood, urine), and administer injectable medications. However, this is also the most complicated behavior because it essentially trains NHPs for voluntary ‘capture’.…”

“…Also, safety monitoring includes the assessment of adverse events in clinical inspection. Conventional methods used in handling NHPs, typically chemical or physical restraint, affect the well‐being of the animal and may influence translational value by obscuring or confounding the manifestation of adverse events [6, 14, 26, 31, 37, 51]. Such assessments can be more complex in conditions where the NHP model includes an experimentally induced disease state.…”