Common husbandry-related variables in biomedical research with animals

Reinhardt, Viktor

doi:10.1258/002367704323133600

Cited by 59 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 176 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…Three to five days before the start of the placeconditioning procedure, all mice in the conditioned place preference studies were given cage enrichment devices to alleviate environmental stress (Reinhardt, 2004;Hutchinson et al, 2005).…”

Section: Nicotine-conditioned Place Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Endogenous Cannabinoid System Modulates Nicotine Reward and Dependence

Merritt

Martin²,

Walters³

et al. 2008

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

104

125

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A growing body of evidence suggests that the endogenous cannabinoid system modulates the addictive properties of nicotine, the main component of tobacco that produces rewarding effects. In our study, complementary transgenic and pharmacological approaches were used to test the hypothesis that the endocannabinoid system modulates nicotine reward and dependence. An acute injection of nicotine elicited normal analgesic and hypothermic effects in cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1 knockout (KO) mice and mice treated with the CB 1 antagonist rimonabant. However, disruption of CB 1 receptor signaling blocked nicotine reward, as assessed in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. In contrast, genetic deletion, or pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for catabolism of the endocannabinoid anandamide, enhanced the expression of nicotine CPP. Although the expression of spontaneous nicotine withdrawal (14 days, 24 mg/ kg/day nicotine) was unaffected in CB 1 KO mice, acute administration of rimonabant (3 mg/kg) ameliorated somatic withdrawal signs in wild-type mice. Increasing endogenous levels of anandamide through genetic or pharmacological approaches exacerbated the physical somatic signs of spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in a milder withdrawal model (7 days, 24 mg/kg/day nicotine). Moreover, FAAH-compromised mice displayed increased conditioned place aversion in a mecamylamine-precipitated model of nicotine withdrawal. These findings indicate that endocannabinoids play a role in the rewarding properties of nicotine as well as nicotine dependence liability. Specifically, increasing endogenous cannabinoid levels magnifies, although disrupting CB 1 receptor signaling, attenuates nicotine reward and withdrawal. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that cannabinoid receptor antagonists may offer therapeutic advantages to treat tobacco dependence.Nicotine is the main addictive component in tobacco that acts on the brain to produce rewarding effects and aversive events upon cessation. When neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are activated by nicotine, several neurotransmitters are released (i.e., dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA), activating multiple neuronal systems that may regulate nicotine addiction (Wonnacott et al., 1989(Wonnacott et al., , 2005Castañ é et al., 2005). The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in addictive behavior and in the mechanism of action of several drugs of dependence, including nicotine. This system contains cannabinoid receptors (CB 1 and CB 2 ), the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and metabolism, for example, anandamide-e [i.e., fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)] and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (i.e., monoacylglycerol lipase) (Rodríguez de Fonseca et al., 2005). Furthermore, reports have shown that AEA binds with highest affinity to CB 1 receptors on presynaptic neurons and activates the mesolimbic reward pathway, t...

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Section: Nicotine-conditioned Place Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Endogenous Cannabinoid System Modulates Nicotine Reward and Dependence

Merritt

Martin²,

Walters³

et al. 2008

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

104

125

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“…Indeed, it has been questioned whether or not the typical laboratory mouse environment is appropriate from the behaviour point of view (Sherwin 1996, van de Weerd 1996, Reinhardt 2004, and whether or not animals raised under those conditions are good models for biomedical research where complex brain mechanisms are involved (Wü rbel 2001, Hockley et al 2002, Olsson et al 2003.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the effect on nervous system complexity, a cage environment that provides the chance to engage in speciesspecific behaviours is also expected to reduce the stress resultant from boredom (Wemelsfelder 1990, Reinhardt 2004 or from frustration/thwarting of motivated behaviours (Olsson & Dahlborn 2002), thus improving the welfare in captivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of preweaning and postweaning housing on the behaviour of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus)

Marques

Olsson

2007

Lab Anim

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SummaryStandard housing for laboratory mice severely restricts natural behaviour and the control that the animal has over its environment. Providing the cage with objects is a method that has been used to both increase environmental complexity, promote the performance of natural behaviour and provide greater controllability for the animal. This method of furnishing cages has mostly been studied in adult animals, and little is known about the influence that the preweaning environment has on the behaviour of mice as adults. This study aimed to investigate the effects on mice behaviour of preweaning and postweaning housing environment.In this experiment, 64 pairs of animals of the strain C57BL/6J were used. Half of the animals were born and reared until weaning in standard cages and the other half in cages twice the size of the standard and furnished with nesting material, a cardboard tube, a PVC nest box and a wooden chewblock. After weaning, half the animals in each group were changed to the other type of cage, whereas the other half remained in the same environment; in both cases they were kept in single-sex pairs of littermates. Behaviour during the dark, active period was studied through video recordings.We found no main effects of preweaning environment on behaviour; however, mice moved from furnished to standard cages at weaning showed a decrease in inactive behaviour at four weeks of age. Mice housed after weaning in standard cages spent less time inactive, and more time engaging in activities like feeding and drinking, self-grooming and allogrooming. A sex difference was also found, in that females showed a greater performance of exploratory behaviour as well as a greater prevalence of stereotypies. The use of different objects and locations within the furnished cage was also analysed at both ages. Results show that at eight weeks of age mice spent more time at the top of the cage, and that the use of the nest box (although not for resting) increased between four and eight weeks. Mice were found to use the nest box as a nesting site/sleeping place only at age four weeks, whereas they always used the nesting material for sleeping.Keywords Behaviour; environmental enrichment; housing; mice; refinement; animal welfare Currently, laboratory mouse housing is designed to keep the animals physically healthy and is further dictated by the physical and economical constraints of the animal facility, with little consideration for the animal's biology and behavioural needs. Laboratory mouse cages lack complexity and

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“…The replication of a habitat where their physiological and environmental specifications are met requires knowledge, time and resources, which are unlikely attributes in private households [Hevesi, 2005;Engebretson, 2006;Ceballos-Mago and Chivers, 2010]. Reinhardt [2004] emphasises that when primates are kept in cages it is almost impossible to replicate a species' natural surroundings, and even zoos struggle to provide an actively stimulating environment resembling all aspects of their wild habitat [Engebretson, 2006]. As slow lorises are particularly susceptible to environmental stressors, captive enclosures should consist of continuous pathways with differently sized branches, leafy foliage and nest boxes to provide cover and hiding places [Fitch-Snyder and Schulze, 2001].…”

Section: Freedom From Physical or Thermal Discomfortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Tickling Torture? Assessing Welfare towards Slow Lorises (Nycticebus spp.) within Web 2.0 Videos

Nekaris

Musing²,

Vázquez³

et al. 2016

IJFP

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Videos, memes and images of pet slow lorises have become increasingly popular on the Internet. Although some video sites allow viewers to tag material as ‘animal cruelty', no site has yet acknowledged the presence of cruelty in slow loris videos. We examined 100 online videos to assess whether they violated the ‘five freedoms' of animal welfare and whether presence or absence of these conditions contributed to the number of thumbs up and views received by the videos. We found that all 100 videos showed at least 1 condition known as negative for lorises, indicating absence of the necessary freedom; 4% showed only 1 condition, but in nearly one third (31.3%) all 5 chosen criteria were present, including human contact (57%), daylight (87%), signs of stress/ill health (53%), unnatural environment (91%) and isolation from conspecifics (77%). The public were more likely to like videos where a slow loris was kept in the light or displayed signs of stress. Recent work on primates has shown that imagery of primates in a human context can cause viewers to perceive them as less threatened. Prevalence of a positive public opinion of such videos is a real threat towards awareness of the conservation crisis faced by slow lorises.

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Common husbandry-related variables in biomedical research with animals

Cited by 59 publications

References 176 publications

The Endogenous Cannabinoid System Modulates Nicotine Reward and Dependence

The Endogenous Cannabinoid System Modulates Nicotine Reward and Dependence

The effect of preweaning and postweaning housing on the behaviour of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus)

Is Tickling Torture? Assessing Welfare towards Slow Lorises (Nycticebus spp.) within Web 2.0 Videos

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