Effects of ruminal pH and subacute ruminal acidosis on milk yield and composition of Holstein cows in different stages of lactation

Kitkas, G. C.; Valergakis, G. E.; Kritsepi‐Konstantinou, Maria; Gelasakis, Athanasios Ι.; Arsenos, G.; Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil; Panousis, Nikolaos

doi:10.12681/jhvms.20861

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As explained in the paper of Kitkas et al (2019), consequences of SARA in dairy cows may include a decrease in milk fat due to changes in rumen fermentation and fatty acids profi le. Low ruminal pH alters rumen bacteria populations and fermentation patterns, favoring the production of specifi c long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) inhibit milk fat synthesis in the udder aft er absorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects of Wet Distillers Grains With Solubles (Wdgs) in the Diet of Dairy Cows

Nešić¹,

Ninković

Tasić

2023

AVM

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Corn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) included up to 25% in the diet of 16 Simmental dairy cows, 27 to 72 months old, during three weeks, negatively affected rumen function monitored by non-invasive parameters, such as fecal consistency, and also influenced milk quality by reducing milk fat content. Dry distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) are currently the most attractive by-product of the bioethanol industry due to the possibility of application in the diet of various animal species, whereas WDGS is often more locally available and financially affordable; however, there is little data in the literature indicating potential negative consequences of its use. Therefore, this report aims to point out, based on a practical example, the possible problems of its application in the diet of dairy cows as the most metabolically sensitive category, as well as to demonstrate steps to prevent and/or mitigate eventual errors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Effects of Wet Distillers Grains With Solubles (Wdgs) in the Diet of Dairy Cows

Nešić¹,

Ninković

Tasić

2023

AVM

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“…Feeding dairy cows meals with an excessive proportion of carbohydrates causes changes in the composition and quantity of the micro-population in the rumen [ 35 ]. With a sudden increase in the quantity of bacteria that release lactic acid through their metabolism, there is a rapid rise in the concentration of lactic acid in the rumen [ 36 ]. Lactic acid damages the rumen wall and, in doing so, passively enters the bloodstream, causing changes in the liver, lungs, heart valves, kidneys, and joints.…”

Section: Subacute Ruminal Acidosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

Tufarelli,

Puvača,

Glamočić

et al. 2024

Animals

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This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of three critical metabolic diseases affecting dairy cattle such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), ketosis, and hypocalcemia. SARA represents a disorder of ruminal fermentation that is characterized by extended periods of depressed ruminal pH below 5.5–5.6. In the long term, dairy herds experiencing SARA usually exhibit secondary signs of the disease, such as episodes of laminitis, weight loss and poor body condition despite adequate energy intake, and unexplained abscesses usually 3–6 months after an episode of SARA. Depressed milk-fat content is commonly used as a diagnostic tool for SARA. A normal milk-fat test in Holstein dairy cows is >4%, so a milk-fat test of <3% can indicate SARA. However, bulk tank testing of milk fat is inappropriate to diagnose SARA at the herd level, so when >4 cows out of 12 and <60 days in milk are suspected to have SARA it can be considered that the herd has a problem. The rapid or abrupt introduction of fresh cows to high-concentrate diets is the most common cause of SARA. Changes in ruminal bacterial populations when exposed to higher concentrate rations require at least about 3 weeks, and it is recommended that concentrate levels increase by no more than 400 g/day during this period to avoid SARA. Ketosis, a prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, is scrutinized with a focus on its etiological factors and the physiological changes leading to elevated ketone bodies. In total mix ration-fed herds, an increased risk of mastitis and reduced fertility are usually the first clinical signs of ketosis. All dairy cows in early lactation are at risk of ketosis, with most cases occurring in the first 2–4 weeks of lactation. Cows with a body condition score ≥3.75 on a 5-point scale at calving are at a greater risk of ketosis than those with lower body condition scores. The determination of serum or whole blood acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and liver biopsies is considered the best way to detect and monitor subclinical ketosis, while urine or milk cowside tests can also be used in on-farm monitoring programs. Concentrations >1.0 mmol/L or 1.4 mmol/L blood or serum BHB are considered diagnostic of subclinical ketosis. The standard threshold used for blood is 1.2 mmol/L, which corresponds to thresholds of 100 mcmol/L for milk and 15 mg/dL for urine. Oral administration of propylene glycol (250–400 g, every 24 h for 3–5 days) is the standard and most efficacious treatment, as well as additional therapy with bolus glucose treatment. Hypocalcemia is a disease of adult dairy cows in which acute hypocalcemia causes acute to peracute, afebrile, flaccid paralysis that occurs most commonly at or soon after parturition. Dairy cows are at considerable risk for hypocalcemia at the onset of lactation, when daily calcium excretion suddenly increases from about 10 g to 30 g per day. Cows with hypocalcemia have a more profound decrease in blood calcium concentration—typically below 5.5 mg/dL. The prevention of parturient paresis has been historically approached by feeding cows low-calcium diets during the dry period. Negative calcium balance triggers calcium mobilization before calving and better equips the cow to respond to the massive calcium needs at the onset of lactation. Calcium intake must be limited to <20 g per day for calcium restriction to be effective. The most practical and proven method for monitoring hypocalcemia is by feeding cows an acidogenic diet for ~3 weeks before calving. Throughout the review, emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and proactive management strategies to mitigate the impact of these metabolic diseases on dairy cattle health and productivity. The comprehensive nature of this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers seeking a deeper understanding of these prevalent metabolic disorders in dairy cattle.

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“…Some authors have demonstrated that cows affected by SARA did not exhibit milk fat depression under farm conditions (Tajik et al, 2009) [69] . In certain cases, SARA had no discernible influence on milk production or other milk components in high-producing cows across different stages of lactation (Kitkas et al, 2019) [36] . "…”

Section: Milk Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These ~ 533 ~ substances, along with potentially others, disrupt the normal circulation and provoke inflammation within the hoof, ultimately leading to the development of laminitis (Vermunt, 1992) [70] . [36] demonstrated that the diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows can be accomplished through various methods, including body condition score (BCS) assessment, clinical examination, rumen fluid sampling, and milk sampling. Notably, they reported no significant alterations in blood parameters during SARA, consistent with the findings of Hernández et al (2014) [33] .…”

Section: Laminitismentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on sub-acute ruminal acidosis in dairy cow

Bansod,

Khandare,

Shindhe

et al. 2024

Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res.

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Ruminal microbiota is pivotal to dairy cattle's digestive health, influencing ruminal pH and, in turn, the development of metabolic disorders. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) arises from an imbalance between lactic acid-producing and lactic acid-consuming bacteria. Factors such as alterations in volatile fatty acid (VFA) absorption rates, gene expression, intracellular pH regulation by ruminal cells, and in situ carbohydrate digestibility play pivotal roles in elevating the risk of SARA in dairy cows. In SARA cases, ruminal pH levels drop to 5.5-5.0, promoting conditions like laminitis, impacting body condition scores, and increasing the incidence of liver abscesses. The threat of SARA can be mitigated through improved feeding strategies and rigorous feed management practices. Effective feeding strategies must strike a delicate balance between ruminal buffering and the production of volatile fatty acids through carbohydrate fermentation. Implementing total mixed ration (TMR) feeding has shown promise in reducing SARA occurrences. This comprehensive review delves into the prevalence, underlying causes, diagnostic methods, preventive measures, and the management and treatment options available for Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in dairy cattle.

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Effects of ruminal pH and subacute ruminal acidosis on milk yield and composition of Holstein cows in different stages of lactation

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Adverse Effects of Wet Distillers Grains With Solubles (Wdgs) in the Diet of Dairy Cows

Adverse Effects of Wet Distillers Grains With Solubles (Wdgs) in the Diet of Dairy Cows

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

A comprehensive review on sub-acute ruminal acidosis in dairy cow

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