Effects of Single and Combined Administration of Fermented Barley Extract and γ-Aminobutyric Acid on the Development of Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice

Abstract

We examined the effects single and combined administration of fermented barley extract P (FBEP), prepared from barley-shochu distillery by-products, and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Single administration of FBEP and GABA dose-dependently reduced the development of AD-like skin lesions in mice. GABA reduced the development of AD-like skin lesions by suppressing serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and splenocyte interleukin (IL)-4 production, while FBEP reduced skin lesions without affecting the IgE or cytokine production. However, in mice with induced AD-like skin lesions, combined administration of FBEP and GABA decreased serum IgE levels and splenic cell IL-4 production, and increased splenic cell interferonproduction. These results suggest that combined administration of FBEP and GABA alleviated AD-like skin lesions in the NC/Nga mice by adjusting the Th1/Th2 balance to a Th1-predominant immune response.

Protective effects of a triple‐fermented barley extract (FBe) against HCl/EtOH‐induced gastric mucosa damage in mice

“…Various fermentation processes increase the bioavailability of phenolic compounds of barley and increase various antioxidant‐based pharmacological activities (Giriwono et al., 2010, 2011; Hokazono, Omori, Yamamoto, et al., 2010; Hokazono, Omori, & Ono, 2010; Iguchi et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2007). In our previous reports on the laxative effects of FBe on normal rats (Lim et al., 2018a) and loperamide‐induced constipated rats (Lim et al., 2018b), FBe showed favorable laxative effects at dose levels of 300, 200, and 100 mg/kg.…”

“…Fermentation procedures can lead to increase the availability of secondary metabolites and functionality of these phenolic compounds (Ye, Morimura, Han, Shigematsu, & Kida, 2004; Yoshimoto et al., 2004), especially the antioxidative effects (Giriwono et al., 2010, 2011). A number of barley extracts produced from fermentation have been reported to be potent pharmacological effects, especially antioxidant (Giriwono et al., 2011), uric acid lowering (Hokazono, Omori, Yamamoto, Akaoka, & Ono, 2010), antiatopic dermatitis (Hokazono, Omori, & Ono, 2010; Iguchi, Kawata, Watanabe, Mazumder, & Tanabe, 2009), hepatoprotective (Giriwono et al., 2010, 2011), and immunostimulatory (Kim et al., 2007) activities, compared with nonfermented extracts. In our previous reports on the laxative effects of fermented barley extract (FBe) in normal rats (Lim et al., 2018a) and loperamide‐induced constipation rats (Lim et al., 2018b), in which FBe showed favorable laxative effects at concentrations of 300, 200, and 100 mg/kg.…”

Fermented Barley Extract Supplementation Maintained Antioxidative Defense Suppressing Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Liver Injury in Rats

“…27,28) In these studies, barley and fermented grain products suppressed inflammation via pathways different from NF-B inhibition, such as interferon-and IL-4 signaling. We did not measure the concentrations of IL-4, IgE or the activation of naive T cells.…”

Anti-Allergic Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extracts in Hapten-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Disease in Mice

“…In human, skin lesion in AD reveals a mononuclear cells infiltrate consisting of activated CD4+ T cells and most AD patients have increased serum levels of IgE antibodies against many kinds of allergens. 5,6 Although evidence suggests that the development and pathogenesis of AD are associated with immunologic reaction such as type I allergic reaction, 7,8 a significant increase in number of cells expressing the Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ can be observed in some chronic AD conditions. 4,[7][8][9][10][11] Vernonia amygdalina (VAM) is an edible African plant whose leaves are used in traditional medicine by some Congolese villagers to relieve cough and hemorrhoids.…”