Effects of Stereoscopic Presentation, Image Motion, and Screen Size on Subjective and Objective Corroborative Measures of Presence

Abstract

Recently, we reported that group subjective measures of presence as well as observers' postural responses are sensitive to increasing the realism of a display with motion content, by the addition of stereoscopic information, using a 20-inch stereoscopic screen with an effective horizontal eld of view of 28 deg. (Freeman, Avons, Meddis, Pearson, & IJsselsteijn, 2000). The experiment presented here employed a large projection display with a 50 deg. horizontal eld of view showing a rally car traversing a curved track at speed. The independent variables included image motion and stereoscopic presentation as within-subjects factors and screen size as a between-subjects factor. Dependent variables included subjective measures of presence, vection, involvement, and sickness, as well as observers' lateral postural responses, which served as a candidate objective corroborative measure of presence. Results demonstrated a noisy yet positive effect of stereoscopic presentation on the lateral postural responses. Post-test subjective ratings revealed a signi cant effect of stereoscopic presentation on the subjective judgments of presence, but not on those of vection, involvement, or sickness. Image motion had a large and signi cant effect on the subjective judgments of presence, vection, and involvement. The effect of image motion was considerably larger than that of stereoscopic viewing. By comparing results between experiments, a large effect of screen size on subjective presence ratings could be demonstrated, but only for the video stimulus that contained motion. The postural response measure did not differentiate between screen sizes, thus limiting its utility as an objective corroborative measure of presence, although further research is required to be able to be more rm in our conclusion regarding this issue.

Leveraging 3D Benefits for Authentication

“…Glasses-enabled 3D displays and naked eye 3D displays can also take some advantage of stereo vision. Ijsselsteijn et al [17] conclude that adding stereoscopic information to a display improves reported presence.…”

Fundamentals of Stereoscopic 3D Game Design

“…S3D provides additional information about spatial location, size, shape, or orientation of 3D objects [9]. Virtual scenes experienced in S3D induce an increased perceived presence [10]. Binocular vision on most current display solutions differs from real-life stereopsis: In natural viewing, the two major visual cues accommodation and convergence always coincide.…”

Integrating Stereoscopic Video in 3D Games

“…For our example, this artificial convergence plane was set at the position of a person standing in front of the camera. The additional horizontal offset determined in this way is added to the result calculated by the parallax equation: (5) In this way the image and scene disparities would approximately coincide at all times. An example of this is shown in Fig.…”

“…The addition of stereoscopic depth is believed to create a whole new experience in all of the aforementioned fields and it will eventually create a mass consumer product that will be taken for granted, just as color replaced black-and-white television [5,9,10]. One motivation for displaying 3D video in games is the integration of 3D video as contemporary media technology: In the future, people expect integrated video content to be displayed in S3D on a regular basis.…”

“…Interactive movies, such as Rebel Assault 2 or The X-Files Game 3 , were prominent in the 1990s and allowed combined interaction with pre-filmed and virtual objects. As pre-filmed material could hardly provide enough freedom for innovative concepts, recent games rather incorporate live video: The Sony EyeToy 4 and Microsoft Kinect 5 provide live video-based interaction using computer vision methods and depth-aware cameras. The game YooStar2 6 combines live-filmed video with pre-filmed footage.…”