SUMMARY: The effect of lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) on antibody response in mice was estimated under different sets of experimental conditions. Four-and 6-week-old mice were intravenously inoculated with LPF. Three days later these mice were inoculated either intraperitoneally or intravenously with sheep red blood cell (SRBC) or human serum albumin (HSA) as an antigen.The adjuvant effect of LPF was demonstrated on antibody response in 6-week old mice to intraperitoneally inoculated SRBC but not to intravenously-inoculated one. When 4-week-old mice were immunized, hemagglutinin production in response to intraperitoneally inoculated SRBC was not enhanced by LPF. In addition, a rather suppressive effect of LPF at a comparatively high dose was demonstrated on hemagglutinin production in response to intravenously inoculated SRBC.Anti-HSA production was enhanced by inoculation of LPF in any combination of the mouse age and the route of antigen administration.These findings indicate that the adjuvant effect of LPF on antibody response in mice depends upon experimental conditions: the age of mice, the quality of antigen and the route of antigen administration used for immunization.Several reports have shown that LPF of Bordetella pertussis acts as an immunomodulator in humoral and cellular immunity. In these reports, however, conflicting results were given in respect to the effect of LPF on antibody response in mice. Asakawa (1969) demonstrated that antibody response of mice to SRBC and tetanus toxoid was suppressed by inoculation of LPF prior to the antigen, whereas some other workers observed an increased antibody response when LPF was mixed with the antigen or given before the administration of antigen. It is possible that the above contradictions may have been due to some different experimental conditions used by them. To test this possibility, we compared the erect of LPF on antibody response in mice under several different sets of well-defined experimental conditions. The LPF preparation used had been partially purified by the method de-