Effects of Various Rinsing Protocols after the Use of Amine Fluoride/Stannous Fluoride Toothpaste on the Acid Production of Dental Plaque and Tongue Flora

Gerardu, V.A.M.; Loveren, C. van; Heijnsbroek, M.; Buijs, Mark J.; Weijden, G.A. van der; Cate, J.M. ten

doi:10.1159/000092233

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…The concentration of lactic acid in the tongue coating is known to reach 6.7 to 7.8 mM after a sucrose rinse (26,27) due to the dominance of lactate-producing bacteria such as streptococci (5) and probably results in acidification of the tongue coating. Thus, in the tongue coating, changes in both pH and the lactate concentration may influence H 2 S production by Veillonella.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp

Washio

Shimada

Yamada

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Indigenous oral bacteria in the tongue coating such as Veillonella have been identified as the main producers of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), one of the major components of oral malodor. However, there is little information on the physiological properties of H 2 S production by oral Veillonella such as metabolic activity and oral environmental factors which may affect H 2 S production. Thus, in the present study, the H 2 S-producing activity of growing cells, resting cells, and cell extracts of oral Veillonella species and the effects of oral environmental factors, including pH and lactate, were investigated. Type strains of Veillonella atypica, Veillonella dispar, and Veillonella parvula were used. These Veillonella species produced H 2 S during growth in the presence of L-cysteine. Resting cells of these bacteria produced H 2 S from L-cysteine, and the cell extracts showed enzymatic activity to convert L-cysteine to H 2 S. H 2 S production by resting cells was higher at pH 6 to 7 and lower at pH 5. The presence of lactate markedly increased H 2 S production by resting cells (4.5-to 23.7-fold), while lactate had no effect on enzymatic activity in cell extracts. In addition to H 2 S, ammonia was produced in cell extracts of all the strains, indicating that H 2 S was produced by the catalysis of cystathionine ␥-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1). Serine was also produced in cell extracts of V. atypica and V. parvula, suggesting the involvement of cystathionine ␤-synthase lyase (EC 4.2.1.22) in these strains. This study indicates that Veillonella produce H 2 S from L-cysteine and that their H 2 S production can be regulated by oral environmental factors, namely, pH and lactate.O ral malodor is due to metabolic products of bacteria in the oral cavity, particularly those living on the dorsum of the tongue (1, 2). Some cases of oral malodor are known to be linked with periodontitis (3, 4), and thus various periodontitis-related bacterial species have been detected in the tongue coating (5, 6). These findings also suggest that the tongue coating plays a role in the reservoir of such bacteria (5). Most of these bacteria have the ability to produce hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), one of the major components of oral malodor (7,8). In a previous study (9), we focused on oral malodor in patients without oral diseases such as periodontitis or caries and found that the predominant H 2 S-producing bacteria were not periodontitis-related bacteria but were mainly indigenous bacteria of the oral cavity such as Veillonella and Actinomyces. Among these, Veillonella species, including V. atypica, V. dispar, and V. parvula, were dominant (9).Veillonella species are Gram-negative anaerobic micrococci that are frequently detected in the tongue coating (6, 9). These bacteria are asaccharolytic but utilize lactate, pyruvate, and oxaloacetate as energy sources. Although several studies have reported that Veillonella species produce H 2 S (1, 8, 10, 11), the metabolic properties of H 2 S production have not been fully understood. In the tongue coating, environmen...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp

Washio

Shimada

Yamada

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Even though not all acidogenic organisms decreased in proportion (in particular, S. mutans and Lactobacilli did not), the data suggest that the plaque had turned less cariogenic. Gerardu et al [2006] have shown that the protocol of AmF/SnF 2 toothpaste + AmF/SnF 2 rinse reduced plaque acidogenicity, which may now be related to a reduced proportion of some acidproducing bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A full description of the subjects, experimental design, oral hygiene protocols, toothpastes, rinses and sampling can be found in Gerardu et al [2006]. In brief, after a 2-week period of using a NaF toothpaste (Prodent Cool Mint 1,450 ppm F; Sara Lee, Veenendaal, The Netherlands) and a 2-week fluoride-free toothpaste (Ultradent; Kruidvat, Renswoude, The Netherlands) period, 30 volunteers (22 women, 8 men; mean age: 26.8 8 7.3 years) were enrolled in a randomized crossover examiner-blind controlled clinical trial with 1-week experimental periods each followed by a 2-week fluoride-free washout period.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six hours after the last toothbrushing, all buccal plaque from 2 molars in the second quadrant was collected with a microbrush (Microbrush International, Grafton, Wisc., USA) for checkerboard analysis after a sucrose rinse as described by Gerardu et al [2006]. The microbrushes were collected in a 1: 1 mixture of 0.5 M NaOH and Tris-EDTA buffer (20 m M Tris-Cl, 1 m M EDTA; pH 8.0) and stored at -80 ° C. At the end of the experiment the samples were shipped by courier to the collaborating laboratory for checkerboard analysis.…”

Section: Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present study was part of the study reported by Gerardu et al [2006], undertaken to explore the effect of various rinsing protocols after brushing with AmF/SnF 2 toothpaste on plaque acidogenicity. The three rinsing protocols studied were a water rinse, no rinse and a rinse with an AmF/SnF 2 solution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Various Rinsing Protocols after Use of Amine Fluoride/Stannous Fluoride Toothpaste on the Bacterial Composition of Dental Plaque

et al. 2009

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This clinical study evaluated the effect of different oral hygiene protocols on the bacterial composition of dental plaque. After a 2-week period of using fluoride-free toothpaste, 30 participants followed three 1-week experimental protocols, each followed by 2-week fluoride-free washout periods in a randomized crossover examiner-blind controlled trial. The 1-week experimental protocols comprised the use of AmF/SnF₂ toothpaste twice daily, after which participants either (1) rinsed with tap water, (2) did not rinse but only spat out the toothpaste, or (3) rinsed with an AmF/SnF₂ mouthwash. In the fluoride-free washout periods, the participants brushed their teeth with fluoride-free toothpaste without further instructions. Six hours after the last brushing (± rinsing) of each period, buccal plaque samples in the upper molar region were taken. The microbiota composition of the plaque samples was analyzed by checkerboard DNA:DNA hybridization. A statistically significant reduction was found in the total amount of DNA of the 39 major plaque species measured, and in the proportions of some acid-producing bacterial strains after the period having used the AmF/SnF₂ toothpaste + AmF/SnF₂ mouthrinsing. The results indicate that using the AmF/SnF₂ toothpaste and rinse combination could result in plaque of lower cariogenicity.

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3 Preventie: het succes van een partiële gebitsprothese

Loveren

2012

De Partiële Gebitsprothese

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Effects of Various Rinsing Protocols after the Use of Amine Fluoride/Stannous Fluoride Toothpaste on the Acid Production of Dental Plaque and Tongue Flora

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp

Effects of pH and Lactate on Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Oral Veillonella spp

Effect of Various Rinsing Protocols after Use of Amine Fluoride/Stannous Fluoride Toothpaste on the Bacterial Composition of Dental Plaque

3 Preventie: het succes van een partiële gebitsprothese

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