Efficacy and side effects of bio-fabricated sardine fish scale silver nanoparticles against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi

Abstract

Mosquitoes are a great menace for humankind since they transmit pathogenic organisms causing Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Elephantiasis and Japanese encephalitis. There is an urgent need to discover new and novel biological tools to mitigate mosquito-borne diseases. To develop bioinsecticides through newly developed nanotechnology is another option in the present research scenario. In this study we synthesize and characterize sardine fish scales with silver nitrate by adopting various instrumental techniques such as UV- and FTIR-spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Toxicity bioassays were conducted with young developmental stages of mosquito vectors. Significant mortality appeared after different life stages of mosquito vectors (young larval and pupal instars were exposed to the nanomaterials). LC50 values were 13.261 ppm for young first instar larvae and 32.182 ppm for pupae. Feeding and predatory potential of G. affinis, before and after exposure to nanoparticles against mosquito larval (I & II) instars of the mosquitoes showed promising results in laboratory experiments. Feeding potential of mosquito fish without nanoparticle treatment was 79.7% and 70.55% for the first and second instar larval populations respectively. At the nanoparticle-exposed situation the predatory efficiency of mosquitofish was 94.15% and 84.3%, respectively. Antioxidant enzymes like (SOD), (CAT), and (LPO) were estimated in the gill region of sardine fish in control and experimental waters. A significant reduction of egg hatchability was evident after nanoparticle application. It became evident from this study that the nano-fabricated materials provide suitable tools to control the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in the aquatic phase of its life cycle. This finding suggests an effective novel approach to mosquito control.

Efficacy of Fish scale based Silver Nanoparticles (FS-AgNPs) against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti

“…A similar study was also conducted by Murugan et al 2021 who used FS-AgNPs synthesized from sardine sh scale extract and evaluated their mosquito larvicidal potential. During this study, the synthesis of FS-AgNPs was initially con rmed with the change in color from transparent to dark brown.…”

“…The scales were rinsed with tap water 3-4 times to remove waste material and air-dried for 3-4 days. The dried scales were kept at -60 ℃ for no longer than 30 days while waiting for the further processing (Murugan et al, 2021).…”

“…The sh scale-based silver nanoparticles were synthesized by adapting the method described by Murugan et al (2021). Fish Scales (10 g) were added to 100 ml of distilled water to prepare sh scale extract (FS-extract) by heating for 20 minutes at 60°C.…”

Synthesis of Quinoline and Quinolin-2(1H)-one Derivatives via Nickel Boride Promoted Reductive Cyclization

“…As discussed earlier, quinoline derivatives possess wide-ranging therapeutic applications including their extensive usage as antimalarial drugs. 6a 35 36 To estimate the binding potency of a few newly synthesized quinoline derivatives, we have docked the selected derivatives 5h , 5n , 5p , 8f , and 8g to the chloroquine binding site of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase 37 using AutoDock Vina. 38 The X-ray crystal structure of the chloroquine binding Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PDB code: 1CET, 2.05 Å) 37 was used as a model system for docking.…”

Current challenges and nanotechnology-based pharmaceutical strategies for the treatment and control of malaria

“…Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil nanoemulsion showed potential larvicidal effect against Anopheles vector ( Firooziyan et al, 2021 ). Bio-fabricated sardine fish scale silver nanoparticles effectively killed the Anopheles larvae ( Murugan et al, 2021 ). Chitosan polymeric nanoparticles encapsulated Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (particle size 158 ± 7 nm) showed enhanced larvicidal effects with a lethal concentration of 50 (LC 50 ) 13.67 μg/mL against Anopheles larvae.…”