Efficacy of an oximate-based skin decontaminant against organophosphate nerve agents determined in vivo and in vitro

Sawyer, Thomas W.; Parker, D J; Thomas, Nicholas Stuart Tudor; Weiss, M.; Bide, R. W.

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(91)90028-y

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Full details including the numbers of mock exposed and control trials have been published elsewhere (Bide et al, 1988a(Bide et al, ,b, 1989(Bide et al, , 1992Armour et al, 1989;Bide and Risk, 1991;Sawyer et al, 1991). Some early trials will have had minor deviations that should not have affected the results described in this report.…”

Section: Decontamination Trial Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The experiments from which the data were derived were specifically designed to demonstrate the potency of the RSDL ® for decontaminating OPs on skin (Bide et al, 1988a(Bide et al, ,b, 1989(Bide et al, , 1992Bide and Risk, 1991;Sawyer et al, 1991) and were conducted over a period of several years. On a given day, the experiments usually involved a number of animals simultaneously and the experimenters were occupied with the contamination and decontamination procedures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lotions used in these studies and the decontamination potency have been described in previous reports (Bide et al, 1988a(Bide et al, ,b, 1989(Bide et al, , 1992Armour et al, 1989;Bide and Risk, 1991;Sawyer et al, 1991). The RSDL ® is a formulation of potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate (KBDO) in a solvent -polyethylene glycol monomethylether (MPEG) of 550 nominal molecular weight.…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Immediate post-dosing paralysis following severe soman and VX toxicosis in guinea pigs

2005

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There have been numerous studies of the central nervous system (CNS) involvement in organophosphate (OP) poisoning showing status epilepticus and/or 'electrographic seizures'. Brain damage has been demonstrated as 'neuronal necrosis' primarily in the cortex, thalamus and hippocampus. To the authors' knowledge there have been no reports of partial/total paralysis following close upon OP exposure although delayed paralysis has been reported. This report summarizes the immediate, OP induced paralytic events recorded in guinea pigs during development of the Canadian reactive skin decontaminant lotion (RSDL). As part of the development work, supra-lethal cutaneous doses of OP were applied to large numbers of guinea pigs followed by decontamination with the RSDL or predecessor lotions and solvents. Soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate; GD) challenges were applied to 1277 animals and S-(2-diisopropyl-aminoethyl) methylphosphorothiolate (VX) challenges to 108. The classic sequence of clinical signs--ptyalism, tremors, fasciculations, convulsions, apnea and flaccid paralysis before death--was seen in the 658 animals that died and in many of the survivors. Eighty-four of 688 survivors of GD and 4 of 39 survivors of VX showed random paralysis of various distal regions following recovery from an insult which produced convulsions and/or flaccid paralysis. Because the experiments were designed to assess the decontamination procedures, there were no apparent relationships between the amounts of OP applied and the sequellae recorded. The observations of paralysis were also incidental to the prime focus of the experiments. Because of this, only ten animals paralysed following GD exposure were examined for histological effects. The pathologist diagnosed 'encephalomalacia' and 'focal necrotic lesions' in the cerebral cortex and 'focal necrotic lesions' in one spinal cord. Of the 84 guinea pigs paralysed after GD challenge, one was not decontaminated and the decontaminants used on the remainder were sufficiently varied that there appeared to be no relationship between the type of decontaminant and the resulting paralysis.

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Section: Decontamination Trial Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Immediate post-dosing paralysis following severe soman and VX toxicosis in guinea pigs

2005

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“…They are used by a soldier to wipe bulk liquid agent from the skin, clothing, and personal equipment (1, 2, 13, 18). This study investigated for the first time the efficacy of MCC ® as skin decontaminant against a sulphur mustard using methods similar to earlier research (19,20). MCC ® is like a solid sorbent system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sulphur Mustard in Skin Decontamination

Vučemilović¹,

Hadžija

Jukić³

2008

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Efficacy of Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sulphur Mustard in Skin DecontaminationThe aim of this study was to evaluate decontamination (absorption) efficacy of a preparation called Mineral Cationic Carrier (MCC®) against skin contamination with sulphur mustardin vivo. MCC® is a synthetic preparation with known ion exchange, absorption efficiency, and bioactive potential. CBA mice were applied increasing doses of sulphur mustard on their skin and MCC® was administered immediately after skin contamination. The results have confirmed the decontamination efficacy of MCC® preparation, corresponding to 8.4 times the LD50of percutaneous sulphur mustard, and call for further investigation.

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“…This study was performed on a similar in vivo model (NOD mice) to evaluate the effi cacy of MCC ® against chemical warfare agent sarin. We applied the same array of methods as proposed in earlier research (16)(17)(18)(19).…”

Section: MCCmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Decontamination with Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sarin Determined In Vivo

Vučemilović

Hadžija

Jukić

2009

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Our Institute's nuclear, biological, and chemical defense research team continuously investigates and develops preparations for skin decontamination against nerve agents. In this in vivo study, we evaluated skin decontamination effi cacy against sarin by a synthetic preparation called Mineral Cationic Carrier (MCC ® ) with known ion exchange, absorption effi cacy and bioactive potential. Mice were treated with increasing doses of sarin applied on their skin, and MCC ® was administered immediately after contamination. The results showed that decontamination with MCC ® could achieve therapeutic effi cacy corresponding to 3 x LD 50 of percutaneous sarin and call for further research.

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Efficacy of an oximate-based skin decontaminant against organophosphate nerve agents determined in vivo and in vitro

Cited by 27 publications

References 6 publications

Immediate post-dosing paralysis following severe soman and VX toxicosis in guinea pigs

Immediate post-dosing paralysis following severe soman and VX toxicosis in guinea pigs

Efficacy of Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sulphur Mustard in Skin Decontamination

Skin Decontamination with Mineral Cationic Carrier Against Sarin Determined In Vivo

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