Efficacy of Hospital Cleaning Agents and Germicides Against Epidemic<i>Clostridium difficile</i>Strains

Fawley, Warren N.; Underwood, Sarah; Freeman, Joseph T.; Baines, Simon D.; Saxton, Katie; Stephenson, Keith; Owens, Robert C.; Wilcox, Mark H.

doi:10.1086/519201

Cited by 142 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The hypochlorite was superior to quaternary ammonium (13,19,22,25) , composed by quaternary ammonium (17) , detergent (13,24) , hydrogen peroxide (13) , povidone iodine (17) , 4% chlorhexidine (17) , phenolic (19) . It was equivalent to 2% quaternary ammonium (12) chlorhexidine (12) , formaldehyde (12) , ethanol (25) , NaOH (25) , peracetic acid (15) , hydrogen peroxide (16) , aldehydes (19) , and phenol in the presence of large amounts of organic matter (14) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Most of them were correlated to inactivation rates, reduction or inhibition of microbial growth (13,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)21,25) . Furthermore, a study tested the outcome microbial resistance (12) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a study tested the outcome microbial resistance (12) . With two exceptions (14,25) , the other studies presented results favorable to the action of sodium hypochlorite to the proposed outcomes, either for inactivation or inhibition of microbial growth (13,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)21) , reduction of infection (20,(22)(23)(24) , microbial resistance (12) . Among the exceptions, one of them showed loss of efficiency in a situation of heavy dirtying with organic matter (14) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All studies used interventions and tested the action of sodium hypochlorite. Regarding the type of intervention, they are divided between those which conducted tests only in laboratory (in vitro) (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) and those which tested samples directly (in situ) in various environmental surfaces: floors, walls, equipment etc. (20)(21)(22)(23)(24) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the tested microorganisms, most strains represented clinical isolates from patients or surfaces and equipment, being resistant to several antibiotics. The most tested microorganism was C. difficile (13,16,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) , followed by S. aureus, MRSA or not (12,(14)(15)19) , various species of Candida (17) and lipophilic viruses (25) , various Gram (18) , E. coli (14) and others (19) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disinfection with sodium hypochlorite in hospital environmental surfaces in the reduction of contamination and infection prevention: a systematic review

Pereira

Oliveira

Turrini

et al. 2015

Rev. esc. enferm. USP

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Objective:To search for evidence of the efficiency of sodium hypochlorite on environmental surfaces in reducing contamination and prevention of healthcareassociated infection HAIs. Method: Systematic review in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: We analyzed 14 studies, all controlled trials, published between 1989-2013. Most studies resulted in inhibition of microorganism growth. Some decreased infection, microorganism resistance and colonization, loss of efficiency in the presence of dirty and surface-dried viruses. Conclusion: The hypochlorite is an effective disinfectant, however, the issue of the direct relation with the reduction of HAIs remains. The absence of control for confounding variables in the analyzed studies made the metaanalysis performance inadequate. The evaluation of internal validity using CONSORT and TREND was not possible because its contents were not appropriate to laboratory and microbiological studies. As a result, there is an urgent need for developing specific protocol for evaluating such studies.

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