Efficient dehydration of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in aqueous medium over silica-included heteropolyacids

Synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose and inulin catalyzed by magnetically‐recoverable Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2–HPW nanoparticles

“…However, several drawbacks, such as the difficulty of catalyst recovery and the generation of acid wastes, limited the application of these homogeneous catalysts for the production of HMF at commercial scales . In recent years, a wide range of heterogeneous catalysts, including metal oxides, metal phosphates, zeolites, acid‐functionalized carbon, acid‐functionalized silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), ion‐exchange resins, and metal–organic frameworks, have been studied for the synthesis of HMF, most of which have proven to have excellent activity and good reusability …”

“…Currently, HPW is emerging as a popular catalyst for the synthesis of HMF due to its high acidity and stability . Since HPW is soluble in water and many organic solvents, it must be first immobilized on an insoluble support, such as SiO 2 , titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), zeolite and/or active carbon, in order to make heterogeneous HPW catalysts . Some studies have shown that supported HPW catalysts might have similar or even higher activities, compared to bulk HPW, for catalyzing dehydration reactions .…”

“…5,13 In order to obtain high HMF yields, most researchers prefer to use fructose or inulin (a polymeric form of fructose) as a starting material (Scheme S1). [14][15][16] Industrial sources of inulin and fructose include chicory (Cichorium intybus), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), and the roots of dandelion species such as the rubber producing species Taraxacum kok saghyz. [17][18][19] www.soci.org L Zhang, A Shah, FC Michel Jr…”

“…The synthesis of HMF can be performed in water, high boiling point aprotic solvents, or ionic liquids, and is catalyzed by various homogeneous or heterogeneous acid catalysts. 15,20,21 While water is an inexpensive and environmentally-friendly solvent for commercial processes, using water as a solvent for HMF production often results in low product yields due to the further hydration of HMF to levulinic and formic acids in acidic aqueous conditions. 22 Thus, researchers have used organic solvents for HMF production, achieving high HMF yields from fructose in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using various catalysts.…”

Valorization of Chitosan as Food Waste of Aquatic Organisms into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Sulfamic Acid‐Catalyzed Conversion Process

“…5‐HMF is one of the most useful biomass‐derived platform chemicals because of its availability and versatility ,. It can be synthesized from various carbohydrates such as sugar,, starch, lignocellulosics, marine macroalgae, and chitin/chitosan ,. Because 5‐HMF has hydroxylmethyl and aldehyde groups, it can be converted into some value‐added products such as ethoxymethylfurfural, 2‐methylfuran, 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid, furfuryl alcohol, 2,5‐di(hydroxymethyl)furan, N, N‐dimethylformamide, levulinic acid, formic acid and polymer materials through hydrogenation, etherification, amination, oxygenation, polymerization, halogenation, and other chemical reactions ,.…”