Effort-reward imbalance at work and risk of type 2 diabetes in a national sample of 50,552 workers in Denmark: A prospective study linking survey and register data

Nordentoft, Mads; Rod, Naja Hulvej; Bonde, Jens Peter; Bjørner, Jakob Bue; Madsen, Ida E. H.; Pedersen, Line Rosendahl Meldgaard; Cleal, Bryan; Hanson, Linda L. Magnusson; Nexø, Mette Andersen; Pentti, Jaana; Stenholm, Sari; Sterud, Tom; Vahtera, Jussi; Rugulies, Reiner

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109867

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The scales on efforts and rewards in WEHD have previously been described in detail 29 . In short, self‐reported efforts at work were measured with a scale consisting of six items (Cronbach's α = .77), assessing time pressure, work pace and work time.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To investigate the influence of mental health and smoking, we further adjusted model 3 for symptoms of depression, measured with baseline values of the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) (continuous), and self‐reported smoking status at baseline (current/former vs never smoker). The measurements of MDI and smoking in WEHD have previously been described in detail 41 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…high cost/low gain situations, cause emotional distress and contribute to increased risk of ill‐health 24 . Previous research has shown that ERI is associated with a higher risk of coronary heart diseases, 25 depressive disorders, 26 and diabetes 27‐29 . These associations may be mediated by a higher risk of overweight and obesity, 1 but we are aware of only two prospective studies that have examined the association between ERI and weight gain directly 30,31 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effort‐reward imbalance at work and weight changes in a nationwide cohort of workers in Denmark

Rod

Bonde

Bjørner

et al. 2020

American J Industrial Med

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Objective: To investigate the relation between effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work and subsequent weight changes.Methods: We included participants from a population-based cohort of workers in Denmark (mean age = 47 years, 54% women) with two (n = 9005) or three repeated measurements (n = 5710). We investigated the association between (a) ERI (ie, the mismatch between high efforts spent and low rewards received at work) at baseline and weight changes after a 2-year follow-up (defined as ≥5% increase or decrease in body mass index (BMI) vs stable), and (b) onset and remission of ERI and subsequent changes in BMI. Using multinomial logistic regression we calculated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for sex, age, education, cohabitation, migration background, and follow-up time.Results: After 2 years, 15% had an increase and 13% a decrease in BMI. Exposure to ERI at baseline yielded RRs of 1.09 (95% CI: 0.95-1.25) and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.90-1.20)for the increase and decrease in BMI, respectively. There were no differences between sex and baseline BMI in stratified analyses. The onset of ERI yielded RRs of 1.04 (95% CI: 0.82-1.31) and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.84-1.57) for subsequent increase and decrease in BMI. The RRs for the remission of ERI and subsequent increase and decrease in BMI were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.71-1.20) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.53-1.13), respectively. Of the ERI components, high rewards were associated with a lower risk of BMI increase. ---This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effort‐reward imbalance at work and weight changes in a nationwide cohort of workers in Denmark

Rod

Bonde

Bjørner

et al. 2020

American J Industrial Med

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“…Organisational injustice from the COVID-19 pandemic: a hidden burden of disease CURRENT TOPICS & OPINIONS depression, 6 cardiovascular diseases, 7 diabetes 8 , and musculoskeletal disorders, 9 which are some of the leading causes of morbidity 10 and mortality 11 globally. Thus, both ERI at work, and the disease burden resulting therefrom, are likely to increase as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to the already high burden of non-work-related stress as a public health problem at the population level.…”

Section: Jessica Stanhope As Abovementioning

confidence: 99%

“…When ERI occurs, the stress axes in the brain are activated, including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis; the result is a cascade of events that may ultimately cause or exacerbate a range of stress-related diseases. 5 These diseases include depression, 6 cardiovascular diseases, 7 diabetes 8 , and musculoskeletal disorders, 9 which are some of the leading causes of morbidity 10 and mortality 11 globally. Thus, both ERI at work, and the disease burden resulting therefrom, are likely to increase as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to the already high burden of non-work-related stress as a public health problem at the population level.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%