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Ultra-trace determination of Hg(ii) in drinking water and local Thai liquors using homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction followed by fluorescence quenching of its ternary complex

“…56 Nowadays, FI-HGAAS has been widely used for the determination of mercury. 30,35,57,58 These methods are powerful, sensitive, selective and of high efficiency in comparison with CV-AAS. Although, all of those instrumental methods have increased sensitivity, they still require a lengthy procedure, and expensive and sophisticated instrumentation.…”

“…15,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Other published methods include anodic stripping voltammetry, potentiometry, gas or liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption or emission or uorescence spectrometry and X-ray uorescence spectrometry. 19,[29][30][31][32][33][34] Although, all of these methods are characterized by their high sensitivity, they require lengthy procedures, expensive and complex instrumentation or exhibit a lack in sensitivity. Flow injection analysis (FIA) has been suggested to be an alternative for the above methods because it is a faster process, is cheaper and gives improved simplicity and sensitivity.…”

“…Flow injection analysis (FIA) has been suggested to be an alternative for the above methods because it is a faster process, is cheaper and gives improved simplicity and sensitivity. 30 Thus, the ow injection systems coupled with vapor atomic absorption spectrometry have been frequently described for the determination of mercury. 19,35,36 Spectrouorimetry has been widely applied to determine heavy metals.…”

“…For example, the quenching effect of Hg(II) on 6-methoxyquinolinium or on the uorescence of rhodamine B, or also the catalytic effects of Hg(II) on the autoxidation of 2,2 0 -dipyridylketone hydrazone or on highly uorescence. 30,31,37 The last method is highly sensitive and selective to Hg(II) but requires a reaction time of about 1 h before measurement and the method based on the formation of uorescent complexes of the metal is scarce.…”

“…Nevertheless, the most popular techniques used for the preconcentration of mercury are liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. Generally, the determination of mercury can be done by various techniques including UV-Visible spectrometry (UV-Vis), 14,50,51 cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS), 18,52,53 spectrouorometry 30,31,[54][55][56] and ow injection-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HGAAS). 35,57,58 Mercury has been analyzed by using UV-Vis aer complexation with some ligands such as 1,5diphenylthio carbazone, iodide, [NBu 4 ][Zn(1,3-dithiol-2-tione-4,5-dithiolate) 2 ] or ion associate of HgI 4…”