Electrical Conductivity in the KDP, ADP, and K1-x(NH4)xH2PO4 Crystals

Abstract

. 076, 0.118, 0.357, 0.857, 0.942) crystals with increasing temperature. They were grown by solvent evaporation method. Zview simulation software was used to theoretically fit electrical conductivity results as a function of frequency (1-10 6 Hz) and temperature (20-160 ºC) with equivalent circuits. These dielectric-type materials become ionic conductors upon heating. Proton jumps in hydrogen bonds, heavier ions migration (K + and NH 4 + ), and rotation and reorientation of ammonium groups contributed to electrical conduction. This conduction behavior follows the Arrhenius equation with which the activation energies were determined at different temperature ranges. For ADP-rich (x > 0.8) and pure ADP crystals the conductivities are higher than those for KDP-rich (x < 0.2) and pure KDP. Lattice defects may reduce electrical conductivities in the crystals with intermediate x composition. Complex permittivity ac and complex conductivity ac were also obtained for these crystals.

Mesophase Transitions in [(C2H5)4N][FeBrCl3] and [(CH3)4N][FeBrCl3] Ferroic Plastic Crystals

“…The relaxation times were plotted in an Arrhenius plot in Figure c and using eq , the activation energy of relaxation (φ) was estimated. , …”

Phase transformations in LiH 2 PO 4 (LDP) revealed by Raman spectroscopy

“…The family of phosphate compounds with the general formula MX 2 PO 4 (M = K, Rb, NH 4 , Cs, Tl, Li, X = H, D) is the object of many investigations thanks to several physical and chemical properties interesting for basic research and practical applications [1,2]. Among these compounds, the most widely studied is potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) for ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electro-optic properties [3,4].…”

Raman spectra in LiH2PO4 and KLi(H2PO4)2: Mode assignment

“…Phosphate materials MH 2 PO 4 (MK, Li, Rb, NH 4 , and Cs) have a current interest for both basic science and applied research. Among this family, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ; KDP), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ), and potassium titanium phosphate (KTiOPO 4 ) are widely investigated for their interest in piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity, and nonlinear optics . LiH 2 PO 4 (LDP) and KLi(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 (KLDP) were studied only recently .…”