Electrical properties of aluminum contacts deposited by DC sputtering method for photovoltaic applications

Krawczak, Ewelina; Gulkowski, S.

doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20171903011

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Regarding the metal grids, it is worth mentioning that there are ongoing efforts to replace Ag grids in silicon cells that are already in the market, with Cu or other metals. [ 122,123,177–179 ] The motivation for this movement lies in observed corrosion of Ag contacts in crystalline silicon solar modules in operation in hot‐humid climates, [ 180 ] the lower material cost of Cu and the possibility of further enhancing the cell performance, as well as gaining flexibility in the layout of contact fingers by using different methods for grid preparation. [ 122,123,178 ] If Ag is not the best choice for a mature PV technology based on silicon, one might expect that this metal will eventually be eliminated from the perovskite‐based PV technologies as well.…”

Section: Toward Commercializationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Development of Metal Grids for the Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Perovskites are materials with the same crystal structure of calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ), which were discovered by Gustav Rose in 1839 and named after Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski (1792-1856). [1,2] Perovskites have a general formula of ABX 3 , where A and B are cations with different sizes (A > B) and X is an anion. [3] The crystalline structure of these materials depends on the temperature [4][5][6] and ionic or elemental radii of A, B, and X elements, [7] which could change from a cubic phase to a tetragonal phase or a low-symmetry orthorhombic phase.Perovskites may be separated in two classes: inorganic (such as PbTiO 3 , CaSiO 3 , etc) and hybrid organic-inorganic (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , HCðNH 2 Þ 2 PbI 3 , etc.). Hybrid perovskites are the materials of choice in terms of research regarding photovoltaic applications. In these materials, A is an organic cation (such as methylammonium), and X is a monovalent halide anion (I À , Br À , or Cl À ). [8] The first hybrid perovskite studied was CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPI), which was synthesized and described by Weber in 1978. [9] This material was shown to crystallize in three distinct structural phases: cubic above 330 K (space group Pm3m), a tetragonal phase from 160 to 330 K (space group I4/mcm), and an orthorhombic phase below 160 K (space group Pnma). [6,9] Lead halide perovskites have caught the attention of the scientific community in the last decade due to their singular properties, which include a direct bandgap (1.4-3.0 eV), [10][11][12][13] long charge diffusion length (>1 μm), [14] high absorption coefficient, [15] and high defect tolerance. [16] This last characteristic plays a very important role in the electronic properties of the material since it maintains good electronic quality despite the presence of defects. [17,18] So far, their main applications have been in solar cells, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] light-emitting diodes, [32] lasers, [33] energy conversion and storage applications. [34,35] The first concrete application of hybrid perovskite films as active material in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) was accomplished in 2006 by Kojima et al., [36] who studied MAPbBr 3 PSCs and achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.2%. Some years later, in 2009, they substituted bromide for iodide, and the PCE was increased to 3.8%, even though the devices were unstable. [19] After these seminal works, the efficiency of the devices followed a continuous growth. Promising results came in 2012, when Kim et al. [37] replaced the liquid electrolyte with a hole conductor organic molecule known as spiro-OMeTAD. This change not only improved the stability of the cells but also increased their PCE to 9.7%. This approach was so successful that it remains relevant and in frequent use until now. In 2013, Burschka et al. [23] proposed a sequential (two steps) technique to deposit perovskite films in which firstly a PbI 2 layer is deposited, followed by deposition of methylammonium iodide

show abstract

Section: Toward Commercializationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Development of Metal Grids for the Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The most common fabrication method is evaporation; however, consequently, sputtering was used in the case of this research. Electrical properties of aluminum contact films deposited on SLG were described in previous studies [21] in detail. Figure 5 shows the dependency of aluminum films' sheet resistance on sputtering power and deposition time.…”

Section: Thin Contact Films For Cigs Photovoltaic Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

RF/DC Magnetron Sputtering Deposition of Thin Layers for Solar Cell Fabrication

Gulkowski

Krawczak

2020

Coatings

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)-based solar cells with relatively high efficiency and low material usage might become a promising alternative for crystalline silicon technology. The most challenging task nowadays is to decrease the PV module fabrication costs by application of easily scalable industrial process. One of the possible solutions is the usage of magnetron sputtering system for deposition of all structures applied in CIGS-based photovoltaic device. The main object of these studies was fabrication and characterization of thin films deposited by sputtering technique. Structural and electrical properties of the sputtered films were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), and four-point probe resistivity measurements. The presented findings revealed technological parameters for which sheet resistance of molybdenum (Mo) back contact decreased up to 0.3 Ω/□ and to even 0.08 Ω/□ in case of aluminum layer. EDS analysis provided evidence for the appropriate stoichiometry of CIGS absorber (with CGI and GGI equal to 0.96 and 0.2, respectively). XRD characterization confirmed high-quality chalcopyrite polycrystalline structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 film fabricated at relatively low substrate temperature of 400 °C. Characteristic XRD peaks of hexagonal-oriented structures of sputtered CdS and i-ZnO layers were noticed.

show abstract

“…Conductive materials fabricated from aluminum films are commonly used in current semiconductor technologies in the form of connections or inter-metal dielectric layers [1,2]. Aluminum films also find numerous applications in optoelectronics and photovoltaics as anti-or reflective coatings and lateral current collective materials [3,4]. While inhomogeneities of thickness are of little importance in these applications, the modern technologies of nanoelectronic and photonic devices demand the fabrication of conductive films in the thin, and ultra-thin regime (up to 20 nm).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Ultra-Thin Pulsed-DC Magnetron Sputtered Aluminum Films for the Technology of Hyperbolic Metamaterials

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The future applications of hyperbolic metamaterials demand stacks of materials with alternative ultra-thin conductive/dielectric films with good homogeneity of the thickness and reduced roughness level. In this work, the technology of pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering of aluminum was optimized using the Taguchi method in order to fabricate Al films with improved roughness level. The performed structural characterization proved the smaller Al domains and better homogeneity of the surface. The optimized process was used to fabricate a multilayer structure of Al/HfOx as the metamaterial media. The fabricated structures were optically characterized in the UV/VIS range. The presented findings demonstrated the tunability effect of the effective reflectance of the examined stacks. The presented results are promising for the future application of multilayer structures in novel photonic devices based on hyperbolic metamaterials.

show abstract

Electrical properties of aluminum contacts deposited by DC sputtering method for photovoltaic applications

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

A Review on the Development of Metal Grids for the Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

A Review on the Development of Metal Grids for the Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

RF/DC Magnetron Sputtering Deposition of Thin Layers for Solar Cell Fabrication

Optimization of Ultra-Thin Pulsed-DC Magnetron Sputtered Aluminum Films for the Technology of Hyperbolic Metamaterials

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About