Electrochemical Behavior of Formoterol Fumarate and Its Determination in Capsules for Inhalation and Human Serum using Differential-Pulse and Square-Wave Voltammetry

Abstract

The electrochemical oxidation of formoterol fumarate (formoterol) has been carried out in aqueous solution in the pH range of 1.5–10.0 by cyclic, linear sweep, differential‐pulse and square‐wave voltammetry. The diffusion controlled nature of the waves was established. The mechanism of oxidation was discussed. Two voltammetric techniques for the determination of formoterol in 0.5 M sulfuric acid which allow quantitation over the 8×10−6–6×10−5 M range for both methods were proposed. Based on this study simple, rapid and selective two voltammetric methods were developed for the determination of formoterol in capsule dosage form and human serum.

Electroanalytical and HPLC Methods for the Determination of Oxcarbazepine in Spiked Human Urine and Tablet Dosage Form

“…It only indicates the possibility of monitoring this compound which makes the technique useful for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic purposes. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]21 In addition to all of the above, the proposed techniques might be a rapid and simple alternative to more complicated chromatographic (HPLC) or spectrometric (UV) techniques for routine analysis of oxcarbazepine in any medium where considerably little interference takes place. …”

“…[20][21] Potential scan rate studies were then performed to assess whether the processes on GCE were under diffusion-or adsorption-control. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] We employed two tests for this procedure. The relationship existing between peak current and scan rate between 10-1000 mVs -1 are as follows:…”

“…These values indicate that the electrode reaction was diffusioncontrolled. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Therefore, a diffusion component must be taken into account. Other studies were conducted in line with this phenomenon.…”

“…In addition, this technique is particularly well suited for quantitative determination of the redox couples immobilized on the electrode surface. [9][10][11][12] Another important advantage of these proposed techniques over other techniques is that they can be applied directly to the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms and Scheme 1. Chemical structure of oxcarbazepine.…”

Electrochemical Oxidation and Determination of an Anti-Cancer Drug Pemetrexed Disodium

“…Since the development of modern computer based electrochemical instrumentation, electroanalytical techniques, especially modern pulse technique, such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) have been used for the sensitive determination of a wide range of pharmaceuticals. The use of carbon based electrodes for electroanalysis has gained popularity in recent years because of their applicability to the determination of substances that undergo oxidation reaction [24,25].…”